Sumerians were early settlers in the two river basins (the middle and lower reaches of the Euphrates River and the Tigris River). Sumerians established Sumerian civilization, which is the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia and the earliest known civilization in the world.

Sumerian civilization is mainly located in southern Mesopotamia. Radiocarbon dating tests show that Sumerian civilization began in the 40th century BC and ended at the end of the 20th century BC, and was replaced by Babylonian dynasty established by Amorites.

Sumerians invented the earliest hieroglyphics-cuneiform, which fixed graphic symbols into characters and carved them on clay tablets with reeds with triangular tips. Cuneiform writing is considered as the earliest written record in the world, and it is called clay tablet.

As early as 5500 BC, class division appeared in Sumerian society. Around 3000 BC, many city-states appeared in Sumerian places. Their construction industry is developed, and they also created cuneiform characters, which are the oldest known human characters.

Sumerians used reed poles, bone sticks and triangular wooden sticks as pens to write on clay tablets made of wet clay, and the fonts naturally formed cuneiform, so this kind of writing was called cuneiform writing.

So far, hundreds of thousands of Sumerian objects have been unearthed, most of which are carved on clay tablets. These include private and business letters, remittances, recipes, encyclopedias, laws, hymns, prayers, spells and so on. , including scientific articles in mathematics, astronomy and medicine.

Sumerians were one of the pioneers of ancient Near East civilization, and they were first favored by the fine arts in the two river basins. They established an organized theocratic society. Their wisdom is first manifested in architecture. Magnificent palaces, temples and pagodas have become models for later generations to follow, and their paintings are also quite successful, with Gu Zhuo and interesting shapes. Many large buildings, such as large sculptures, are also engraved with words. Cuneiform writing is the original creation of Sumerian civilization, which can best reflect the characteristics of Sumerian civilization. Cuneiform writing has had an important influence on the formation and development of many national languages in West Asia.