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Name: When a Zhangmulin person is born on the full moon, in addition to being named by his parents and elders (generally ranked by surname), people also add names to their names. There must always be another nickname before or after the name. Generally speaking, the name "gu" or "guai" is added after the male's name, and the word "ma" is added after the female's name. For example, the male is called so-and-so "gu" or "guai". A girl who is "guai" calls someone "ma". If "guguai ma" is not used, the man should add one or two other derogatory words in front of his name, such as "long so-and-so", "short so-and-so", "short so-and-so". So-and-so, Niutou so-and-so, etc. These nicknames are generally recognized by the person being called or their family members, because people have regarded this as a traditional custom.
Residence: The housing structure of the guests in Zhangmulin basically retains the ancestral architectural structure of Guangdong, that is, brick and tile houses with wooden structures, usually with five on top and five on the bottom, three on the top and three on the bottom. The characteristic of the two-chamber model is that there is a patio in the middle, and there are chambers on both sides of the patio. This kind of house is neat and symmetrical, and the main hall is spacious and bright. In addition, the construction of residential walls is also very particular. Generally, clean sand and gravel are mixed with lime and a little yellow mud is added as raw materials (ie, Sanhe soil), and the walls are punched into a height of 2-3 meters. This wall requires a lot of work. It is expensive but strong and durable. Even if the house collapses within two hundred years, the sandstone wall will still be intact. With the changes of the times and the continuous improvement of living conditions, especially after the 1980s, the original construction model is no longer suitable and has been replaced by high-rise buildings with reinforced concrete structures.
Diet: Sweet potato rice, sweet potato, was one of the staple foods of Zhangmu people before liberation, and sweet potato rice was the staple food. There are two cooking methods. One is to cut the raw sweet potatoes into small pieces and cook them in the pot at the same time as the rice. The other is to grate the sweet potatoes into shreds or chop them into small pieces and dry them in the sun, and cook them with the rice. Both cooking methods do not add Salt oil. Since the reform and opening up in the 1980s, people's living standards have improved day by day, and it has become rare for people to eat sweet potato rice.
Salted sauerkraut: Salted sauerkraut is a common dish of the Zhangmu people in all seasons. It is very popular among people, especially in the hot summer. The pickled vegetables in clear soup are even better. The production of sauerkraut is best in autumn and winter. Wash and dry the large-leaf mustard greens (commonly known as large vegetables) until they are 30 to 40% dry, then cut them into small pieces, mix them with a certain proportion of raw salt, add a little ginger and wine or star anise, orange leaves and other condiments, mix well and put in the special After the marinade is pressed and marinated for one month, it will become a raw and cooked recipe. This dish is bright yellow in color, salty and sour, and has a unique flavor of mellow and crispy taste. Its shelf life is generally one to two years or even three or four years without deterioration, making it a famous camphor wood specialty.
Ai Ci: Ai Ci, commonly known as "Ai Ban", is a must-have food for the Zhangmu people, especially the Hakka people, during the Spring Festival. It is also a symbol of beauty and happiness and is given to relatives and friends. kind of gifts. To make it, first pick moxa moxa and then make glutinous rice dumplings. The so-called "quilt moxa moxa" is collected from deep mountains and old forests, and then, through several delicate processes, it is made into "moxa moxa velvet". Then put the "Moxa Rong" into a pot and boil it, rinse it with water, mix it with glutinous rice paste, knead it into a ball repeatedly, wrap it with peanuts and brown sugar and steam it until it becomes a sweet, soft and not greasy moxa glutinous rice cake. .
Poria Cake: Commonly known as "hard board" paste, it is made from Smilax cocos grown on the mountain as the main raw material, mixed with rice milk, and refined. Its functions are to clear away heat, cool blood, moisten the lungs and benefit the spleen and stomach. , is a well-known health food among Zhangmu people. Its production process is to wash the Smilax cocos, dry it and cut it into slices; the second step is to manually crush and sieve the vertebrae into powder; the third step is to mix the powder with water and grind it into a slurry, then put it into a cloth bag and squeeze out the pure slurry. ; Fourth, add rice milk in proportion, mix well, put in bamboo dustpan or utensil and steam until cooked. Add syrup when eating to make it delicious. This is a great summer treat.
Taboos
Taboos - In the old days, if you were going on a long trip or making any major moves, you would ask a fortune teller or Feng Shui master to choose a date, whether it was opening a business or moving into a house. It is necessary to choose an auspicious day when building a house, starting a stove, or burying ancestors and bringing peace to the gods. It is believed that this will ensure safety, otherwise it will lead to disaster. With the progress of society and the popularization of science and technology, people's ideas have changed greatly, but in the countryside, this practice is still prevalent. In addition, the first Chen day after the summer solstice every year is Dragon's Day. On this day, it is forbidden to carry urine buckets or dung buckets, otherwise it will cause the "Water God" to be angry and suffer from drought; pregnant women are forbidden to hammer nails or move in their rooms. The bed, and avoid cutting things on the bed to prevent it from affecting fertility or causing the baby to be mutilated; postpartum, the "moon mother" who is not one month old is not allowed to visit the house; and before going out for a long trip, break dishes or cook raw rice, or even crows and black magpies Swirling around the house, chirping, etc. are all bad omens and it is not advisable to move forward. After liberation, similar taboos were gradually eliminated, but they occasionally revived among the people.
Taboos in daily life - avoid wearing all white clothes and trousers. Avoid using white linen (velvet) thread to tie gifts when giving gifts on festive occasions, because white is regarded as mourning clothes; snakes seen on the road are "flowered" (mating) ) is considered bad, and one must try to kill both snakes to eliminate the disaster; the crow of a hen will bring bad luck to people, and the head of the chicken must be cut off; if eyebrow twitching occurs in normal times, it can be seen as the upper eyebrow twitching at the entrance ( It is a good thing (you have something to eat), and if your eyebrows are twitching, you will go away (a bad omen); avoid using red pen when communicating with relatives and friends, because writing with red pen is considered to be a heartless break of friendship.
Marriage taboo - When discussing marriage, both men and women should first combine their horoscopes. It is not suitable to get married if the year of the year and Geng are in conflict or the zodiac signs are in conflict with each other; sisters should not get married in the same year; it is not appropriate to give a clock as a gift to a wedding congratulatory person because the homophone of "clock" is "end".
On the wedding day, when the bride enters the husband's house, as the father-in-law, the mother-in-law should avoid meeting each other, otherwise it will affect the relationship between mother-in-law and daughter-in-law in the future; in addition, widows or childless women should not make beds for the newlyweds, etc.
Funeral taboos - When announcing the funeral to relatives, you should stand up and do so. If you are dining at a relative's house, do not sit upright; find a hole for the deceased and avoid digging a second place; the children of the deceased are about to get married. If you are pregnant, you should not pay filial piety; you should not watch the deceased being laid in the coffin and buried (along with the Taoist priest's presentation of the age that conflicts with this); relatives who are mourning are not allowed to go to the cemetery, and those who are sent to the cemetery with the coffin are not allowed to return the same way; family members who are mourning are not allowed to return. Do not do Sanqi for the deceased; avoid visiting relatives and friends during the Qi period. In addition, young people who died, called juvenile deaths, should be buried as soon as possible and avoid returning to the ground early in the morning. In addition, avoid nailing the coffin in order to bring it back to the world.
Eating and other taboos - When eating, avoid inserting chopsticks vertically into the rice bowl filled with rice, because this is a funeral ritual. It is also taboo to eat while kneeling on the ground, because this is a "filial piety meal". It is forbidden to eat meat dishes on the first day of the Lunar New Year and should be replaced with vegetarian dishes. Legend has it that this is a traditional custom formed by the Hakka ancestors in Guangdong. Offenders are disrespectful to their ancestors. On this day, you must be extra careful not to break dishes, utensils, or interact with people. Anger or curse, otherwise the year will be unlucky.
In addition to the above, there are other taboos. For example, garbage and debris when cleaning the yard on the first or second day of the New Year should not be thrown out immediately. They must be kept indoors to "keep wealth". The third day of the Lunar New Year is the Poor Day. It is forbidden to visit relatives and friends. At the same time, in the early morning of this day, the garbage and dirt that have been cleaned up for several days should be gathered together, and thrown out together with brooms and dung pans filled with garbage, inserted with sacred incense and paper money, and thrown out together. Send it to the poor.
Marriage customs
The marriage customs of Zhangmulin have gradually become simpler with the changes of the times. However, in rural areas, they are still quite particular. They are summarized as follows:
Introduction: In the past, the union between men and women only followed the orders of their parents and the words of the matchmaker. Today, many people still use introducers to build bridges so that men and women can get to know each other and have a preliminary understanding. This is an indispensable part of marriage.
Engagement: Through the introduction of the introducer, the man and woman get the opportunity to meet and talk. If a man and a woman intend to get married, and with the consent of both parents, the man can bring symbolic gifts to the woman's family through a matchmaker. After the woman's family responds to the gift, it will be an engagement, which is called "binding chicken feet".
Announcement of the day: Ask the fortune teller to choose an auspicious day based on the date of birth of the man and woman as a happy time to welcome the bride and report it to the girl's family, which is called the date of announcement. On the eve of the wedding day, the groom's family must send the gift money (commonly known as value silver or betrothal gold and silver) and gifts to the bride's family as originally agreed upon by both parties in order to prepare dowry, furniture and other materials for the wedding.
Yingqin: that is, marrying. Before liberation, on the wedding day, the groom's family would be decorated with lanterns and colorful decorations, the door would be filled with guests, and a banquet would be held. At the same time, a guard of honor including a gong, drum, and suona band and a "Xie Lang" (that is, the person who carries the sedan chair, dowry, food box, and carries gifts such as pigs, mutton, wine, meat, etc.) is also formed. After all the work of welcoming the bride is ready, the person responsible for carrying the sedan will carry the big red sedan for the bride and the blue cloth and bamboo sedan for the two wedding guests and the bride's brother. First, the Shuangbang flag (the two flags are connected) will open the way. , playing the wind and beating, heading towards the girl's house, the scene is very spectacular. When arriving at the bride's house, the bride dresses up and steps out of the boudoir to bid farewell to her parents in tears. When leaving the door, a person prepares a rice sieve with a bowl of water and bamboo leaves inside. When the bride passes by with an umbrella, she overturns the bowl of water and says, "Go out." Eaves water”. After arriving at the groom's house, the groom kicks open the sedan door and takes the bride into the house. After liberation, this custom became history and was mostly replaced by vehicles. But on this day, the groom's family is still busy with work. They have to make arrangements for the return of the bride, such as laying a bed for the newlyweds and paying homage to their ancestors. They also have to organize and receive the bride's wedding guests and the clan members who come to congratulate her. Relatives and friends, etc.
Worship in the hall: that is, newlyweds worship their ancestors in the hall. When the bride arrives at her husband's house, a worship ceremony will be held, in which a young woman with many sons and daughters will help the bride cross the fire pit in the middle of the threshold (that is, the fire pit in Chaozhou custom), and then enter the hall with the groom and sit in the ancestral niche. Come forward and pay homage to each other. When worshiping ancestors, the groom must also wear a hairpin hat, a black robe and a big red flower belt. After the ceremony, an elder shouted, "The husband and wife enter the bridal chamber, and the house is full of joy. They will live in harmony for a hundred years, and they will be prosperous forever." That is to say, after saying four sentences, the groom raised his hand by the door of the bridal chamber to let the bride pass under his armpits. Then the bride walks into the bridal chamber.
Bridal ceremony: On the wedding night, relatives and friends of the groom's family, as well as men, women and children from the neighborhood come together to congratulate the newlyweds. To express gratitude, the groom's family should prepare wedding candies, fruits, sweet tea, etc. to celebrate the wedding. The bride should also prepare some food and wrap red peanuts, melons and candies in the quilt on the bed, and untie them when the time comes. , let the children happily fight for it, which symbolizes the birth of a golden boy in the future.
Return to the door: On the third day of the wedding, the couple goes to the bride’s house and pays a visit to her parents. Due to long distances or other reasons, this custom may be cancelled, but this indispensable return ceremony must still be made up for in the future.
In the wedding ceremony, the bride’s family does not have as grand a ceremony as the groom’s family in terms of etiquette, but it also respects ancient precepts. The content is roughly as follows:
(1) ) After receiving the good news from the groom's family, the bride's family should try their best to make arrangements for their daughter's wedding based on their own financial conditions. They should purchase and process jewelry, hats and dowries in advance, and decide on the candidates for the wedding.
(2) A married woman should prepare gifts for her future parents-in-law and other elders before marriage, such as shoes, socks, clothes, towels, etc., to show her filial piety to the patriarch’s elders.
In fact, many women do this work when they get engaged.
(3) It is customary for the bride to cry a few days before her wedding. The content includes crying about one's growing up process to express gratitude to parents for their nurturing grace, and also crying about one's unwillingness to leave home and the feelings of farewell to sisters of the same age.
(4) On the day of the wedding, the bride’s family will cry and scold the “Xie Lang” who comes to welcome the bride. The song is in the form of a song, which means that the bride does not want to leave her natal family, and the cruel “Xie Lang” insists on it. Take her to her boyfriend's house and so on. When the bride gets on the sedan chair and sets off, the dowry bearer is in front, followed by the bride sitting in a big red sedan chair, then the wedding guest and the bride's brother riding in a blue cloth and bamboo sedan, and finally the wedding sisters. The greater the number of people and dowry given in marriage, the more grand the scene, and the more it shows the wealth and social status of the bride's family.
(5) All bridegrooms, except under special circumstances, are generally required to return on the same day and not stay at the groom’s house.
Funeral customs
Funerals, which Zhangmu people call white affairs, used to have strong feudal ethics and superstitious ideas, and there were many etiquette and customs. After liberation, most people became simpler. Today's customs generally include the following.
Purification and dressing up: In Zhangmu, before a person dies a hundred years ago (when he is critically ill), he should make a bed on one side of the hall according to the rules of men on the left and women on the right, and then move the bed to stay there until the end of the day. Generally speaking, do not let your breath expire in the bedroom. If you are a woman at the same time, you should comb your hair; if you are a man, you should shave your beard and shave your head. After death, the deceased's children or brothers and aunts go to the river (well) to bring back a small basin of water (also known as spiritual water), add medicinal herbs (dirty grass) and grapefruit leaves, boil it, and bathe the body. After that, the deceased is dressed according to the shrouds of both men and women (if the father is deceased, the filial son or nephew, and if the mother is deceased, the daughter or daughter-in-law) is clothed, and a silver coin is placed in the mouth of the deceased, which is called "mouth silver". Then let the deceased lie on the bed with his head turned upside down and cover himself with a longevity quilt, a longevity hat on his head and white cloth-soled longevity shoes on his feet. At the same time, a sacrificial table is placed at the feet of the deceased, an incense altar is placed, a bowl of rice is placed, a pair of chopsticks are placed on the rice, a cooked egg is placed in the middle of the chopsticks, and a cooked chicken and a piece of cooked pork are placed on the plate.
Funeral filial piety: specifically informing relatives and friends of the unfortunate death of a family member is called mourning. Those who go to announce the funeral should stand at the door of relatives and friends. When the host comes out, they will hand the written obituary to the host. If there is no written obituary, the host will be informed of the person's death, when the person will be buried, when the funeral will be held, etc., and the host will pour tea. You can only enter the house after you drink or invite you in. There are two ways to do this: door-to-door complaints and obituaries. Regardless of whether the father dies (called the main bed) or the mother dies (called the inner bed), the children and daughter-in-law must first kneel down and cry to the elders of the clan. Then the clan’s funeral committee will send members to the mother’s aunt’s family and the in-laws within the fifth generation. The family announces the funeral, while other family members and friends usually announce the funeral in the form of obituaries. In the past, there was a ritual system in which the family members were responsible for the death of the father, and the mother's family had the final say in the death of the mother. The purpose was to warn people to fulfill their filial duty as children before their parents were alive. Therefore, there are still people who fear the clan after the father's death. If you are close to your elders, you are afraid of what your uncle and cousin will say if your mother dies. Kneel down and cry to the patriarch and maternal grandmother, not only to express sadness, but also to pray for their care, understanding and help.
According to the rules of the funeral ceremony, from the time the body of the deceased is moved to the hall, all bereaved men and women must put on sackcloth and observe mourning. Under normal circumstances, it is not advisable to leave. Even eating must be done on the ground and is not allowed on the table. When relatives and friends come to express their condolences, they must kneel beside the spirit and kowtow in response. Even the members of the Fang clan and their dependents in the fifth server must pay filial piety according to the rules, and daughters and daughters-in-law have to cry to express their longing for their loved ones. At the same time, Taoist priests are invited and door couplets are posted. If the father dies, he will post "strict regulations" on the forehead, and if the mother dies, he will post "mercy" on the forehead. The door couplets are all made of white paper. Only the deceased who has lived a long life will post red couplets, which means that the deceased will have a white life. Do red things.
As a married woman of the head of the family, nieces, grandnieces and direct relatives will all come to express their condolences in other ways with memorial services, incense candles, brocade clothes, elegiac couplets and tent-drafting, etc. , especially women, when they are about to get home, they have to put on a triangular white cloth hat and cry all the way. Their sadness is even more tear-jerking. In the case of a female deceased, her natal family mourns in a particularly grand way, such as slaughtering pigs and sheep, asking eight sounds and so on. Come and offer a drink.
Encoffining and nailing the coffin: Putting the deceased's body into the coffin is called encoffining. Encoffining is divided into small coffins and large coffins. The small coffin is not covered, but the coffin is large. During the burial, the filial man will kneel down next to the deceased and feed him food. He will feed the deceased first with one end of the chopsticks, and then use the other end of the chopsticks to pick up the food and eat it for himself as a sign of farewell. Direct descendants under the age of three must It should be carried by adults and passed between the coffins to prevent the deceased from getting close to the children and grandchildren in the future, and to avoid illness and disaster for the children and grandchildren. If one spouse dies, the other spouse should comb the deceased's hair, that is, a complete hair comb should be broken in half. , put it at the feet of the corpse to show that the couple is separated and will never be disturbed; at the same time, put the deceased’s favorite daily necessities in his hands to prepare for the deceased’s use in the underworld; in addition, put a string of sticky (indica) in the hands of the deceased ) Rice cakes are meant to feed dogs to the deceased so that they can walk safely across the Naihe Bridge. Before closing the coffin, the deceased's daughter-in-law would light incense and burn a small hole in a corner of the shroud, so that the deceased would be able to recognize his clothes after arriving at Jiuquan. During the burial, the coffin should be built and nailed according to the auspicious time chosen by the Taoist priest. When nailing the coffin, the elders of the clan will nail the coffin for the male deceased, and the parents of the mother-in-law for the female deceased, and then hand it over to the relevant personnel to officially nail the coffin, and the coffin nailer must leave a nail. After the nails are used as "Liu Ding" (nails for descendants) to cover the coffin, the filial son and family members still have to guard the body and observe filial piety.
Praying for Taoism: Praying for Taoism, commonly known as making lanterns or praying for prayers, means to ask Taoist priests to help the souls of the deceased.
The length of time for Taoism depends on the economic conditions of the host family. In the past, the longest time could be one week, which is called seven days and seven nights. Generally, families spend one night and return to their hometowns the next day. With the improvement of living standards, there are still three levels: one day and one night, two days and two nights, or even two days and three nights. Generally, those who live longer live longer.
At the beginning of the ceremony, there is another unchanging custom, that is, when performing the ceremony for a male deceased, the elder of the deceased’s family must ring the first gong (called the opening of the gong), and vice versa, the elder brother of the woman’s family should open the gong. , no matter it is the elder of the clan or the maternal grandmother, they only ring the gong once. When the gong sounds, the entire Taoist process is performed by the Taoist priest according to religious procedures. The head of the house and his family members are only controlled by the Taoist priest during the Taoist process.
The so-called Taoism is an old custom with religious overtones and superstitious ideas. According to it, it is to pray for the souls of the dead to live a peaceful and transcendental life forever after they go to another world - the underworld. All these are nonsense. However, on the other hand, it has some warning effects and even has certain practical significance. For example, in the entire process of practicing Taoism, in addition to having strong superstitious content, there are also those who advise people to do good and do evil. There must be retribution. In the sermons, there are descriptions of the arduous process a woman has put in from the ten-month pregnancy to the birth of the baby, from the growth of a child to the establishment of an adult career. These narratives will make people gain inspiration from them.
Sacrifice and funeral: To pay homage to the deceased is to use sacrifices to pay homage to the deceased. It is a rather solemn sacrificial ceremony for the deceased before the funeral. According to local customs, the memorial service is usually held between 8 a.m. and 9 a.m. Before offering sacrifices, move the coffin from the hall to the memorial site. During the memorial ceremony, the relevant personnel will preside over the ceremony, and it will be carried out in different levels and in order. Generally, the filial son and family members of the head of the family will preside over the ceremony first, then the representatives of the relatives of the natal family will perform the ceremony, and finally the representatives of the clan relatives. During the ceremony, the host calls for sacrifice, the representative of the priest kneels and reads the memorial words (i.e., reads the eulogy) according to the memorial procedures, and other mourners burn incense and worship. In each sacrificial ceremony, there are also playing eight tones, burning firecrackers, and firing earthen cannons (blunting), etc., giving people a sad but solemn feeling.
After the offering ceremony, the coffin is carried out for the funeral. The ceremony is preceded by the daughter-in-law of the deceased wearing mourning clothes holding a torch (mostly using a flashlight today), followed by someone scattering "lucky" money. , followed by the setting off of firecrackers and elegiac couplets, wreaths, the filial son holding the main tablet, followed by the coffin, followed by the filial son's family, the house clan in the fifth service, the married daughter-in-law, the niece's son-in-law, followed by the gongs and drums and eight tones, followed by At the end are the guests and other relatives who bid farewell to the black veil. When approaching the tomb, a filial son must kneel down on the roadside to "thank his filial piety", which means to hope that the guests will stop and not send off any more. Other filial piety, family members, and family members must still accompany the coffin to the cemetery. During the burial, there is also a ceremony in which the Taoist priest, after chanting sutras for a while, throws rice to the mourners kneeling in front of the tomb to show that everyone is safe and everyone is prosperous. Afterwards, they burned the tablet of the god, folded the elegiac couplets, took off their mourning clothes, and returned home along another road (not the original funeral route). After arriving home, you should wash your hands with medicated grapefruit leaf water before entering the house to get rid of evil spirits, and receive red threads and red envelopes to show good luck. Those who are responsible for working at home will clean the interior of the house immediately after the funeral, tear off the white paper (including red paper) door couplets, and put on new red paper couplets to show whether they want to go to Tailai. In addition, in the afternoon of the same day, the filial son must be led by a clan member to burn incense, light candles, kneel down and worship, and restore a piece of grass on the bottom of the tomb, commonly known as grave plowing. Only then does all the funeral ceremonies end.
Others: After handling the funeral, clean all the clothes of the deceased, cut the trousers he wore when he died, into several pieces, distribute them to filial sons, and keep them in each family of filial daughters. This piece of trouser cloth is regarded as a "warehouse" by each family, which means that every family will prosper. The next step is to "do seven" for the deceased, that is, counting from the first day of the deceased to the forty-ninth day, the host family will sacrifice the soul of the deceased every seven days, but do not sacrifice "three seven", and at the same time, according to the number of boys born to the deceased, Then subtract the total number of men from the forty-nine days, which is actually less than forty-nine days. Furthermore, among the seven-seven days, it must be calculated that there is at least one seven, which can be the seventh day, the seventeenth day, or the twenty-seventh day. Every married daughter or niece must at least return to her natal family to make a Qi for the deceased during the "Qi Qi". In addition, the seventh seven is called round seven, and the host family must make glutinous rice dumplings as a sacrifice. On the "hundred days" of the deceased, that is, one hundred days after his death, the host's family must prepare boiled eggs and peanuts as sacrifices. After the sacrifice, the eggs and peanuts must be broken open and eaten on the spot to show that the day has been "set aside" - the soul of the deceased and Those who live in the sun are separated forever.
According to custom, after a person dies, he first finds a nearby well-directed cave and buries the body. After three to five years, the bones are dug out and placed in earthen jars (also known as earthen jars). (gold pot) and store it on a soil slope or rocky cliff in the wild. When a good crypt in a favorable direction is found, a monument will be erected on a day for permanent burial.