According to legend, during Yongjia period at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, some Han people in the Yellow River valley moved south to cross the river because of the war. At the end of the Tang Dynasty and the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, a large number of them crossed the south of the Yangtze River to reach Jiangxi, Fujian, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong, so they were called "Hakkas", which was different from the original local residents and later became the self-name of these Han people.
Hakka is distributed in Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Taiwan Province Province, parts of Hainan Island and overseas Southeast Asia. Hakka dialect retains more ancient Chinese pronunciation, which is called "Hakka dialect". In the current linguistic research, Hakka dialect has also become the most important research material for studying ancient Chinese.
"Zhang Xin Hua Ling Wai San Zhou Yu" records: "Guangdong Huijiaying two states, rich in the east, its people have crossed the ridge since the end of Jin Dynasty, living in an ancient language, which is incompatible with the aborigines. People in Guangzhou call them Hakka. "
Hakka is a special branch of Han nationality in China. After full discussion in academic circles, it has now reached a consensus that Hakkas are an important special branch of the Han nationality formed in a specific time and space. Because of its unique cultural characteristics such as language, architecture, folk customs and human nature, it is a unique branch of the Han nationality.
For hundreds of years, the ancestors of Hakkas have stopped and stopped. They crossed rivers and mountains and came to the south from the vast and rich Central Plains. Perhaps we can only glimpse the hardships and bitterness of this period from historical records.
According to historical records, before and after the Jin Dynasty, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved south for various reasons and entered Fujian, Guangzhou and other places in southern China. Some people are officials who come here to be officials, soldiers who defend the border, exiled prisoners and their families, and more people are fleeing the war.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, social unrest and people were displaced. In order to survive, the people of the Central Plains came to the south of the motherland far from their hometown. According to historical records: "There are many reasons in the Central Plains, so the sages take the three rivers and five lakes as their home." People attending the meeting are like a collection of scales, and they are also based on the public interest. "
The first large-scale migration was in the Western Jin Dynasty. The Eight Kings Rebellion, the Western Jin regime was weak, the economy was broken, and social contradictions were acute. "Yongjia Rebellion" The ruling group of the Jin Dynasty moved south to Hannan, and established the Eastern Jin Dynasty with its capital Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), which was known as Guan Yi Du Nan in history. This is the first large-scale migration of Han people in the Central Plains. At that time, compared with the war-torn north, the situation in the southeast coastal areas was stable. Although they left their homes, the industrious Han people began to build new homes with their own hands.
People who moved south gathered in Dongting Lake, Taihu Lake and Poyang Lake, forming three branches.
Poyang Lake, one of them, goes south to Gannan, then to western Fujian, and finally to Tingzhou, which has also become the foothold of Hakkas. The ancient name of western Fujian is Tingzhou Prefecture, which is the birthplace of Hakkas. Ninghua County is the first transit point for Hakkas to move southward, and Tingjiang has also become the mother river of Hakkas.
Professor Luo Xianglin, a famous Hakka researcher, wrote in the study of Hakka origin: "Economically, these people who traveled south developed industry and improved their livelihood in the south;" On the ethnic side, it has increased the integration of mainlanders with southern tribes such as Baiyue (including Min Yue) and some Miao (including She) ... After several years and decades of adaptation and integration, northerners from the Central Plains gradually merged with local She, becoming the earliest Hakka group in Tingzhou.
The development of Hakka clans in western Fujian During the Tang Dynasty, the number of Hakka people in western Fujian increased gradually. According to Li Jifu's Records of Yuanhe County, there were nearly 30,000 households in the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty, and 100,000 people entered Fujian in the past two years.
Since then, a large number of immigrants have entered Tingzhou. As people from the Central Plains keep coming here, the population is also increasing. According to "Fujian Tongzhi Geographical Tingzhou", in the 21st year of Tang Kaiyuan, Tang Xunzhong, the long history of Fuzhou, inspected more than 3,000 families of refugees fleeing from Chaozhou North, Qianzhoudong and Xiguang Longdong in Fuzhou, reported to the court and suggested establishing the country. So the Tang government set up Tingzhou in the 24th year of Kaiyuan, which became one of the five famous states in Fujian in the Tang Dynasty.
After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, social stability was broken, especially in the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. Huang Chao led the army to cross the river south, echoing the old army, and captured Rao, Xin and other states.
In the same year1February, he entered Fuzhou and transferred to Guangdong. People eager for a stable life were once again devastated by the war, especially those in the south of the Yangtze River. Some Hakka ancestors who settled in Anhui and Jiangxi long ago were once again affected by the war. Some people defected to the rebels, while others gave up their homes for generations and migrated again.
They entered western Fujian via the border area between Jiangxi and Fujian, and settled in Shibi Village, Ninghua County, Tingzhou. Some Hakkas moved south along Tingzhou.
In the Song Dynasty, during the Jingkang War, the Jin people moved south, and the regime of the Central Plains dynasty moved south again, and a large number of gentry moved south with their families.
During this period, various clans in the Central Plains took their families with them, and many people were exiled to Fujian. It is said that Sun Shuming, born in the royal family of Chen Dynasty, had nine sons and became a huge family. He was ordered to leave the giant family and live in Kyushu. Shen Wan, whose real name is Shen Wan, moved to Tingzhou at the age of 97 and is the ancestor of Chen, a native of Tingzhou. Ninghua County in Tingzhou was an important passage from Jiangxi to Fujian and north and south at that time, and became a transit point for people from the Central Plains to Fujian and the residence of many ancestors of Hakka surnames.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a constant influx of migrants in western Fujian, which gradually expanded this group. At the same time, the Hakkas who have lived here for a long time have also begun to expand outward, migrating to the coastal areas of Guangdong and as far away as Southeast Asian countries without interruption.
With the gradual development of Hakkas in Fujian, they have become the most important local group, and have been communicating, integrating and developing with the ethnic groups who lived here hundreds of years ago. In this process, they also formed their own unique and charming culture.