For the elders and the younger generation, we should highlight the seniority and distinguish between the old and the young. For example, for elders, fathers are called "grandfather", "father", "father" and "elder", mothers are called "mother", grandfathers are called "grandfather" and grandmothers are called "grandmother", and each generation above is distinguished by adding the word "old": great-grandfather is called "grandfather" and great-grandfather is called "great-grandfather". Grandpa Gao is a "grandfather" and grandma Gao is a "grandmother". For the younger generation, sons are called "sons", women are called "daughters", sons are called "grandchildren" and sons' daughters are called "granddaughters". Every next generation, the word "heavy" is added to show the difference: great-grandchildren and great-granddaughters; Grandchildren and granddaughters.
For their peers, they pay great attention to ranking and are methodical. For example, grandpa's brothers and sisters are called great-grandfather, second grandfather, third grandfather, great aunt, second aunt and third aunt; Call father's brothers and sisters uncles, uncles, uncles, aunts, aunts and uncles; Call your brothers and sisters Big Brother, Second Brother, Third Brother, Big Sister, Second Sister and Third Sister. Their spouses are also called "grandma", "uncle", "aunt", "uncle", "sister-in-law" and "brother-in-law" according to their ranking. In some places, such as Jiaodong, the order is more orderly. Fathers are called Da, Dad, Da, Da Die and Da, and uncles are called Er Da, Er Da and Er Da. Some families live under the same roof for four generations within three generations, all in the same order, indicating that the population is very prosperous, the power is great, and the family rules are very strict. For the younger generation, the most common phenomenon is to emphasize the order of birth names and appellations, such as "old ×", × share ",× son" and × daughter ". In dealing with family problems, the elders have the final say and the boss has the final say, which shows the authority of the order of appellation.
Shandong Dialect
Paternal relatives and foreign relatives form their own systems. Kinship appellation in Shandong dialect embodies the principle of order and interpersonal relationship. It follows the old custom centered on the paternal family and takes "respect" and "kinship" as the standard, forming four kinship appellations: one is paternal kinship, the other is matriarchal kinship, the third is husband kinship and the fourth is wife kinship. This includes all the objects that a person's blood and marriage should respect and love. At the same time, each system is independent, systematic, non-overlapping, inclusive and has a strong order. When you enter a house, you are a family. Kinship appellation in Shandong dialect attaches great importance to kinship, which is manifested in the face appellation of relatives who are not related by blood.
kinship terms
For in-laws, face-to-face address should be called by kinship. For a wife, all relatives who call her husband follow her husband, that is, they call themselves relatives. For example, my father-in-law is called "Dad", "Grandpa", "Big" and "Dad", my mother-in-law is called "Mom", my uncle is called "Brother" and my brother-in-law is called "Brother" and "Brother". For husbands, relatives always follow their wives when addressing their wives. For example, the father-in-law is called "Dad", "Grandpa", "Big" and "Dad", the mother-in-law is called "Mom", the elder brother is called "Brother" and the younger brother is called "Brother". For uncle and elder sister-in-law, calling sister-in-law is always called "second sister" and "third sister", just like calling your own sister. For a sister's husband, children who call his big uncle and second uncle are always called "nephews" and "nieces", just like children who call his brothers and sisters.
For godparents, face-to-face address and face-to-face address are exactly the same, unlike other places where there is a difference between "mother" and "mother" or "elder" and "elder".
For kinship, wives and husbands of the same generation are just like their brothers and sisters. For example, the wives of peers older than themselves are called "eldest sister-in-law", "eldest sister-in-law" and "second sister-in-law"; Those younger than themselves are called "elder sister", "elder sister" and "second sister". Calling husbands of their peers older than themselves is called "brother-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "second brother-in-law"; The younger ones are called "brother-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "second brother-in-law".
In addition, the maternal relatives of the same generation are always called their own maternal relatives, such as "grandfather", "grandmother", "uncle" and "second aunt"; When your spouse calls these people, he will do the same.
For the relatives of Zhuang nationality, that is, people with different surnames in the same village, the appellation between them is also called kinship appellation, which highlights the affection between villagers.
Neighbor address
Strangers are also called "Grandpa", "Aunt", "Big Brother", "Sister-in-law", "Big Brother" and "Big Sister" according to their age and gender characteristics, but they all use "Big" instead of "Two", "Three" and "Four".
However, in southwestern Shandong, except for kinship terms, it is forbidden to call "Big Brother". When meeting, you should call "Second Brother", and "Second Brother" is a respectful title. It is said that it originated from the legend of Wu Dalang and Song Wu. Wu Dalang has a glib tongue and his wife is an adulterer. He is a "turtle" and a "cuckold". Wu's second brother, on the other hand, is a fearless hero and a model for Shandong men. In the southeast of Shandong province, you must be called "third brother" when you meet. It is generally believed that "the eldest brother is a turtle, and the second brother is a turtle, so count the third brother as a good person." A kiss is a kiss, not a kiss; No kissing, no kissing, no kissing. "
In terms of appellation, Shandong dialect distinguishes intimacy by adding the word "table" before the appellation, which is also commonly known as "one table, three tables, no intimacy". This situation is mainly aimed at the wives and maternal relatives of the same generation. For example, the grandfather of the same generation is called "uncle", the mother-in-law is called "aunt" and the uncle is called "cousin". The word "table" is also used for relatives of aunts and aunts. For example, the children of aunts and aunts are called cousins, cousins and cousins, and their husbands and wives are called grandfathers and grandmothers. Parents of both parties to the marriage, that is, "in-laws", also use "table" to address each other: "cousin", "cousin" and "cousin".
In terms of post-appellation, Shandong dialect has a set of appellation words that distinguish intimacy from sparseness.
One is the common appellation of husband and wife. For example, the husband's father is called "father-in-law", his mother is called "mother-in-law", his grandfather is called "old man", his grandmother is called "old woman", his brother is called "brother-in-law", his sister is called "sister-in-law". Sometimes, in order to show a little courtesy and dilute the color of disrespect, first-class appellations are added behind it, such as "grandpa", "mother-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "sister-in-law".
It's more vulgar to call my wife's relatives back. For example, my father-in-law is called "father-in-law", my mother-in-law is called "mother-in-law", my wife's brother is called "brother-in-law" and my sister is called "sister-in-law"; You can also use kinship terms as suffixes, such as "grandpa", "brother-in-law" and "sister-in-law". Husbands who address their wives and sisters are jokingly called "brother-in-law", "cutting constantly", "shouldering", "two bridges" and "connecting bridges".
Second, there is a saying that "destroying relatives does not destroy ancestors." You can deny your six relatives, but you can't deny your clan. This shows that the distinguishing standard of "pro" in Qilu culture is blood, and in-laws are the second.
In terms of kinship terms, Shandong dialect is also divided into different levels of kinship according to the distance of kinship. From near to far, the order is: brothers and sisters, close relatives' mothers, close grandparents, close uncles-close uncles (same grandfather), close uncles (same grandfather) and close uncles (same grandfather). This is the clan of the Five Dynasties, commonly known as the "five clothes")-a woodland (woodland, that is, the cemetery, "except for the five clothes, the relationship between relatives and friends is determined by the woodland)-an old woodland-a branch (that is, the clan has the same historical origin)-a surname.
All these kinship ranges except "one surname" must appear in the genealogy. It is often emphasized in address forms, and words such as "pro", "pro-uncle", "uncle", "Five Blessingg" and "a woodland" are added before address forms. Such as "mom", "uncle", "uncle" and "a sister who supports stocks"
For distant relatives, that is, relatives or ancestors' relatives, Shandong people call them "relatives of melons and seedlings", "relatives of rotors" and "old relatives". They think that "square melons and seedlings climb onion fields and talk nonsense" are generally no longer intimate, so they are also emphasized with prepositions. For example, Go to Grandma's Door, Go to Father-in-law's Door, Old Relatives and Zhuang Relatives.
Shandong dialect uses the first family member's first name to express affection, to show distance. For immediate family members, elders can use "nicknames" (that is, children's birth names) to address their children and grandchildren. Some children have reached the age of half a century, and their parents still call them by their babies' names. Birth name is a patent for elders to address their children and grandchildren, and others are not allowed to address them face to face. Direct address is defamatory. For brothers and sisters, brothers and sisters can also call their brothers and sisters by their birth names directly, but only in childhood. Married people call their children and grandchildren by their first names, and they can also use hierarchical titles, such as "two copies" and "three copies"; Call their spouses "in two parts" and "in three parts". Brothers and sisters of the same generation can also be called married brothers and sisters by rank, but they are called "second", "third" or "second family" and "third family" respectively. In the vast areas of southwest Shandong, because "second child" and "second child" are used to refer to male genitalia, people should not be called "second child" or "second child" unless they are biological parents or brothers.
In Shandong dialect, there are also some specific names for distant families. Among the first relatives, the elder's name belongs to the family taboo and cannot be called directly; However, for the clansmen and strong relatives beyond three generations, you can add the names of the called people, such as "Uncle Qingtang", "Grandpa Fafa" and "Aunt Guangtong". "It's grandma's son. Go after eating. "
Family is male-centered, based on blood relationship, and in-laws are external relatives. "nephew is extroverted" and "marry a woman and splash water" means not to kiss. This internal and external difference is manifested in the appellation, which has the following characteristics:
Simplify the appellation system for foreign relatives. In the appellation system of matriarchal relatives, the mother's brothers and their spouses are no longer distinguished, and they are all called "uncles" and "sons", instead of giving a name to people with older mothers and a name to people with younger mothers; There is no longer a distinction between parents, sisters and spouses, and they are all commensurate with "aunt", "uncle", "aunt" and "uncle". The most prominent thing is that the descendants of sisters, daughters and granddaughters, regardless of gender, daughters and sisters, are all called nephews. Compare "outside" people with "inside" people to show their differences. It is said that in-laws pay special attention to etiquette, and the son-in-law is called "guest" and "distinguished guest", and even the generations are confused, called "uncle"; The latter address refers to the relatives of the wife as "father-in-law", "brother-in-law" and "aunt", which is very vulgar and has the nature of gossip.
Address married daughters and sisters in a unique way, that is, address them by their married husbands' surnames or the names of their married villages. If the daughter's surname is Huang, it is called "Lao Huang"; When a daughter marries Liu Zhuang, she is called "Liu Zhuang". "It is not surprising to be polite to many people."
Your honorific title can be clearly seen in slang. It is a requirement of etiquette to use honorifics in face address and honorifics or slang in narrative address.
He said, call it exquisite. The so-called "he Shuo", that is, addressing each other from the perspective of the next generation, is the "respect style" of Shandong dialect. Pay attention to using "you" or "he" before addressing words to show the difference. For example, call your parents "your grandfather" and "your grandmother" and call your brother and sister-in-law "his uncle" and "his aunt".
His speech to the younger generation is simple. All sons, nephews and grandchildren are called "his brother", spouses are called "his sister", women are called "your sister" and spouses are called "your brother-in-law". Instead of calling him brother, sister-in-law, elder sister and brother-in-law. This kind of address can also start with the birth names of younger children, such as calling the wife "Yan Yan's mother", calling the husband "Uncle Ni" and calling the mother-in-law "Frye's grandmother"; You can also add "children" before it, such as "children's mother" and "children's grandfather".