Jiulong River joins the main stream Beixi and its tributaries Xixi and Nanxi, and flows through Zhangzhou to the Taiwan Province Strait on the other side of Xiamen Port. The downstream Zhangzhou Plain is one of the four major plains in Fujian Province. The upstream water flow is swift, and the downstream river channel is wide and stable, which is navigable. The Jiulong River trunk line has a total length of 258 kilometers and a flow of 446 cubic meters per second.
The range coordinates of the Jiulong River Basin are11647 ′ ~11802 ′, and the north latitude is 2413 ′ ~ 2551′, and the basin area is14744. The population of the river basin accounts for 17% of the total population of Fujian Province, and the total economic output accounts for about 26.7% of Fujian Province.
Chinese name: mbth, Jiulong River: Chiu-lung River, Chiu-lung chiang Alias: Zhangzhou River Location: South Fujian Source: Huangsheng Village, Quxi Township, Liancheng, Main Stream: Beixi Tributary: Xixi and Nanxi Trunks, total length: 258km, drainage area: 1474 1km2, flow rate: 440. Must-read before departure, scenic spot dynamics, scenic spot introduction, key information, ticket reservation, trunk and branch water system, main stream, tributaries, hydrological characteristics, runoff, tide, sediment, salinity, flood, ecological environment, water pollution, soil erosion, engineering construction, water conservancy and hydropower, flood control dike, myths and legends, trunk and branch water system, Beixi, originated from tortoise. The main stream of Beixi River is 274 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 9,640 square kilometers. The geomorphological and geological characteristics of Beixi River Basin are: the rock types in the middle and upper reaches (above Hua 'an) are complex, including sandstone, shale, limestone, granite and rhyolite. Valley basins and canyons alternate, such as Longyan urban basin, Zhangping urban basin, Huaan county basin and xinqiao town basin. Hua 'an to Hekou is dominated by granite, which has entered the downstream channel below Dunkou. The river valley is gradually widened, the river bank is gradually lowered, and the river accumulation is gradually strengthened. When we arrived in Punan (about 43 kilometers from the exit), we began to enter Zhangzhou Plain, which is the largest plain in the province, and accumulation is an absolute advantage. To the Jiangdong Bridge area on the southeast edge of Zhangzhou Basin, the shape of the valley becomes narrower and the width is less than 200 meters. After leaving the canyon, it flows into Xixi and Xiamen Port. The exit of Jiulong River is a valley submerged estuary with a wide river surface. The tributary of Xixi Jacky is Chuanchang River, which originates from Shifang Mountain in the south of Zhong Shi Town, Longyan City. The tributaries are Huashan River, Huangxi River, Yongfeng River and Longshan River. Huashan River and Chuanchang River meet at Zhengdian near Beijing, which is called Xixi. Xixi flows through Zhangzhou Plain until Fuhe meets Beixi, and then flows eastward into the sea. Jincheng to Fuhe River is 35 kilometers long; The distance from Fuhe River to the estuary is 1 1 km. Xixi river system is fan-shaped, with the middle and upper reaches accounting for 86.8% of the total basin area, and the lower reaches accounting for only 13.2% of the total basin area. There are obvious differences between Zhengdian and Xixi in valley shape and river slope. Above Zhengdian, all the tributaries of Xixi belong to mountain rivers, with narrow valleys and large river gradient, which can reach 15‰; Below Zhengdian is a plain river with a wide valley and a small slope of only 3‰. Above Zhengdian, Xixi is dominated by scouring, below Zhengdian, and Xixi is dominated by accumulation. The total length of Xixi is 172km, and the drainage area is 3940km2, accounting for about 40% of the drainage area of Beixi. Nanxi of Jiulong River flows into the mouth of Jiulong River. The main channel of Nanxi is 88 kilometers long, with a total drainage area of 660 square kilometers. There are two versions of Zheng Yuan, one is Hongshangou in Pinghe County, and the other is Taiji Peak in Pinghe County. Other tributaries, Beixi, before joining Xixi, include Xiaochixi, Xiaoxi, Yanshi, Fengcheng, Xinqiao, Ningyang, Xin 'anxi, Youwei, Kengzikou, Zhixin, Chixi, Xijiang, Wenshui, Xianxi, Nanxi, Pingxi, Zhuxi, Lindunxi, Jinlong, Mayangxi and Xianduxi. Hydrological characteristics of runoff in Jiulong River The back stream of Jiulong River originates from Guishan Mountain, and the west stream originates from Bopingling Mountain. The precipitation in the source area of Beixi River is over 2000mm, and the runoff depth is over1400 mm.. The distribution characteristics of the annual average runoff isobath map are that the western mountainous area is larger than the eastern coastal plain, which is reduced from 1000 mm to 600 mm; the annual average runoff of Beixi is 260m3/s (Punan Station), the runoff modulus is 30.6L/km2/s, the runoff depth is 963mm, the runoff coefficient is 0.636, and the annual runoff is 8.22 billion m3, so it is a water-rich river. Runoff varies greatly during the year, with CV values ranging from 0.35 to 0.4. The maximum annual average flow rate is 440m3/s (1975) and the minimum annual average flow rate is161m3/s (1963), with a difference of 2.75 times. The measured maximum flood peak discharge is 9400 m3/s (1June 26th, 960) and the minimum discharge is 21.1m3/s (1May 27th, 963). The runoff of Jiulong River is unevenly distributed during the year, accounting for 30. 1% in spring, 43. 1% in summer, 17.8% in autumn and 9.0% in winter. The maximum flood lasted for 3 months from May to July, accounting for 48%. The maximum flood month is June, accounting for 2 1.7%. The minimum water moon is 1 month, accounting for 2.6%, and the ratio of the maximum water moon to the minimum water moon is 8∶35. The situation in Xixi is similar to that in Beixi, but the average annual discharge is not as good as that in Beixi because of the small basin area. The annual average flow of Xixi (Zhengdian section) is 1 17 m3/s, and the ratio of the maximum annual average flow to the minimum annual average flow is 2.95 times. The measured maximum flow rate is 6140m3/s (65438+1006960) and the minimum flow rate is 2.78 m3/s( 1963 05 25). The seasonal variation of Xixi discharge is similar to that of Beixi, and June-August is a flood month, accounting for 45.0% of the whole year. The flood season is from April to September, and the flow in September is greater than the annual average flow; The minimum hidden month in winter is 65438+ 10 month, and its flow accounts for 2.9% of the whole year on average. Xixi River has a short flow, and the whole basin is close to the coast, which is greatly affected by typhoon and has a great change in flow. The maximum monthly average discharge and maximum flood peak discharge may appear in spring or summer and autumn. The lower reaches of tidal Jiulong River belong to tidal reach. In the 1950s, the intertidal zone of the estuary flowed northward through the Guokeng Railway Bridge in Longhai and westward through the Dongxinqiao Bridge in Zhangzhou. Since the completion of the left main canal of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, the right main canal of South-to-North Water Diversion Project and Xixi Ship Lock, the boundary of intertidal zone has moved down. In the reach below Ma Qi, the tidal level changes obviously, with a low tidal range of 2.5 ~ 3m, a small tidal range of 1 ~ 1.5m and an average tidal range of about 2m. The maximum tidal range in Shima is generally 3.5 ~ 4.6 meters, and the annual maximum tidal range exceeds 4. 1 meter. Tidal waves introduced into the Jiulong River estuary from the open sea have the properties of forward waves and standing waves, and the standing waves are the main ones. The maximum ebb current appears 3-4 hours before * * and 0-2 hours after * * *. Tides are irregular semidiurnal tides in shallow seas. Due to shallow water effect, the duration difference of upstream tides increases and the tidal range decreases. For example, the ebb and flow duration of Xiamen Tide Station is 6: 0 13 and 6: 26 respectively, while that of Shimao is 4: 0 1 and 8: 04 1 respectively. The tidal current in Jiulong River Estuary is an irregular semi-diurnal tidal current in shallow water, which belongs to reciprocating current. Generally, the ebb tide velocity is greater than the flood tide velocity, the estuary section velocity is greater than the river section velocity, and the south bank velocity is greater than the north bank velocity. The average annual sediment discharge of Jiulong River is 24,665,438+10,000 tons, accounting for 58% of the whole year from May to July, and only 4% from June to February. The average sediment concentration in Beixi (Punan Station) for many years is 0.2 1 kg/m3, the average annual sediment transport rate is 53.5 kg/sec, and the annual sediment transport rate is 1 6900 tons, with the maximum of 4.64 million tons (196 1 year) and the minimum of 6/kloc. The average sediment concentration in Xixi (Zhengdian Station) for many years is 0.22kg/m3, the maximum sediment concentration is 2.54kg/m3, and the annual sediment discharge is 77 1 10,000 tons, the maximum 1.83 million tons (1.96 1 year) and the minimum is 2/2. After 1960s, the average sediment concentration of Rupu South Station 1952 ~ 1959 was 0. 12 1 kg/m3, and that of 1962 ~ 1970 was 0.206. The average sediment concentration of Zhengdian Station 1952 ~ 1959 is 0. 122 kg/m3, and that of 1962 ~ 1970 is 0. 189 kg/m3,/. Due to the increase of sediment concentration, the sedimentation in the lower reaches of the river is quite serious. During the period of 1935 ~ 1966, the average siltation height of the river is about 2m, and the local reach is 4 ~ 5m, which leads to the decrease of slope, shallowing of water depth and rising of water level, which brings unfavorable factors to flood control and navigation. In addition, the completion of Xixi Bridge sluice and the construction of Beixi Guozhoutou diversion sluice accelerated the riverbed siltation. Salinity The Jiulong River Estuary has a high salinity because of its small runoff but large tidal range. According to the distribution of 198 1 salinity at different tidal levels and bottom in dry and wet seasons, the salinity gradually increases from the inside (southwest) to the outside (northeast) of the bay. At low tide and middle tide, the salinity gradient between Haimen Island and Yuji Island is the largest, indicating that the river water and seawater here are strongly mixed. In addition to the east-west longitudinal gradient, the distribution of water salinity in the estuary area also has a transverse gradient increasing from south to north. The salinity near Haimen Island is as follows: in dry season, the low tide surface layer is 14‰, and the bottom layer is 20 ‰; * * * The surface layer is 26‰ and the bottom layer is 30‰. In the wet season, the low tide surface layer is 6‰, and the bottom layer is 20 ‰; * * * The surface layer is 24‰ and the bottom layer is 30‰. The flood of Jiulong River is mainly formed by the confluence of the flood peaks of Beixi and Xixi. Although the area of Xixi basin is smaller than that of Beixi, the disaster is greater than that of Beixi because of the fertile land on both sides of the strait, large population and developed economy. Floods can flood large areas of cultivated land such as Zhangzhou, Longhai and Nanjing. The flood in Beixi is a great threat to Changtai and Nehrig and jiaomei in Longhai County. The flood peak is formed in the mountainous area of western Fujian or southwestern Fujian, and mostly occurs in the typhoon season. The flood in the lower reaches of Jiulong River mainly occurs in Xixi, and its upper tributaries include Guanxi (Huashan River), Chuanchang River, Pengjiang River and Yongfeng River. The river channel is short, the slope is large, and the collection is fast. After the tributaries of these floods gather near Jingcheng Town in Nanjing County, the flood peak reaches Zhengdian almost at the same time, and can spread to Zhongshan Bridge in Zhangzhou City after 4 hours. The flood peak is high and sharp, with strong suddenness, rapid rise and fall and short duration, of which single peak flood accounts for 80% and lasts for 3 ~ 5 days; The bimodal flood accounts for 20% and lasts for 5-9 days. Rainstorm centers often appear in the middle of Shipyard Creek in Nanjing County. The maximum flood peak of Zhengdian Hydrological Station is determined by the superposition of the floods in Changxi River and Huashan River, and its average five-day flood volume for many years can reach about 350 million cubic meters. Beixi flood system is caused by frontal rainstorm, and the flood peak is mostly bimodal. In the twenty-seventh year of the Republic of China (1938), in order to prevent Japanese troops from invading Zhangzhou and Shima from Xiamen Port, four blockade lines were set at the mouth of the lower reaches of Jiulong River, which destroyed and changed the original law of water flow movement. Coupled with years of soil erosion and other reasons, the riverbed silted up seriously and the flood level rose year by year. For example, in the early 1930s, between Zhangzhou and Shima, the shipping water depth in dry season could reach 2 meters, the annual navigable draft was 1.8 meters, and the load was 50 tons. At present, the sandbar of 1000 square meters has drifted to 50 meters upstream of the blockade line of Zhentougong, and Zhangzhou to Longhai is no longer navigable. On record, there are nine years of Jiading in Song Dynasty (12 16), ten years of Chenghua in Ming Dynasty (1474), four years of Qin Long in Ming Dynasty (1570), seven years of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1668) and fifty-nine years of Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. 1960, 196 1, 1963, 1976, 198 1, 1984,/kloc During the period of 9 10 from the second year of Song Xianping (999) to the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1908), there were 44 major floods, including 1668, 1794, 1904 and/kloc-0. The biggest flood in the history of Jiangbei Creek in Kowloon occurred in 3 1 year (1.942) in the Republic of China, with peak flow1.3000m3/s. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, eight floods in Xixi of Jiulong River have exceeded 3000 m3/s, with the largest flood occurring at 1960 and the peak flow of 6140m3/s; The maximum flood in Beixi occurred at 1964, with a peak flow of 9400 cubic meters per second. Water pollution of ecological environment The Longmen section of Beixi River is mainly polluted by Longyan Paper Mill. Although the amount of sewage is small, due to the small amount of water (the average flow rate is 3. 1 1 m3/s), the CODMn exceeds the standard by 0. 1 times, and the volatile phenol exceeds the standard by 0.2 times, which belongs to Class IV water quality. Longyan section is polluted by some sewage in the urban area, and BOD5 exceeds the standard by 0.4 times, which belongs to Class IV water quality. However, Gekou Bridge at Longyan exit was polluted by paper mills in Longyan area, and the water quality continued to deteriorate. The main pollutants are BOD5, CODMn and volatile phenol. , which belongs to Class V water quality. The water quality of Maiyuan and Baisha sections is good, belonging to Class II water quality. Although Zhangping section is polluted by papermaking and other industries, the water quality of the reach is relatively large (about 22 times that of Longmen section), so the water quality can still belong to Class III. Zizyphus jujuba and Punan sections are slightly polluted, belonging to Class III water quality. The water quality of Pinghe, Longshan, Chuanchang, Zhengdian and Zhangzhou (upper section) in Xixi, Jiulong River is good, belonging to Class II and III water quality; The water quality in Zhangzhou (lower section) has deteriorated sharply due to the wastewater pollution from Zhangzhou sugar factory. The main pollutants are volatile phenol, CODMn, BOD5, etc. , belonging to class V water quality. On the section thousands of meters downstream of Xixi Bridge sluice, the volatile phenol is still relatively large, belonging to Class IV water quality. The stone code section of the main stream is slightly polluted and belongs to Class III water quality. The primary cause of pollution is the serious pollution of livestock and poultry breeding. The base of pig breeding in the basin is large. In 2009, the total number of live pigs in the basin exceeded 2.9 million, and pollution control facilities in most farms were not perfect, and livestock and poultry wastewater exceeded the standard or even discharged directly. Second, the construction density of hydropower stations is too high. In Longyan and Zhangzhou, there are more than 1000 large and small hydropower stations. The cascade and over-exploitation of the main and tributaries in the basin lead to the serious phenomenon of lakes and reservoirs, which has a serious impact on the natural purification of water quality, and the eutrophication trend of water bodies in lakes and reservoirs is obvious. Third, the problem of industrial structural pollution is serious. The output value of major polluting industries such as papermaking, food processing, chemical industry, pharmacy, mining and metal processing accounts for 44% of the total output value of the whole basin, but the discharge of COD and ammonia nitrogen accounts for more than 90% of the total industrial pollutant discharge of the whole basin. Fourth, the construction of sewage and garbage treatment facilities lags behind. The number and scale of harmless treatment facilities for urban domestic sewage and garbage can not meet the needs of rapid urban development. Soil erosion, local ecological environment deterioration, serious soil erosion. Due to over-exploitation of fruit and tea gardens, mining, indiscriminate exploitation of river sand and large-scale planting of eucalyptus grandis forest in some hilly and low mountain areas, the surface vegetation was destroyed and soil erosion was serious. The theoretical reserve of water resources in Jiulong River Basin of water conservancy and hydropower project construction is 165438+ 10,000 kilowatts, and the potential water resources are about 442,000 kilowatts. In the 1990s, the total installed capacity has reached 65438+200,000 kilowatts. Because the hydraulic resources of Beixi River are richer than that of Xixi River, the development focus is on Beixi River. After the completion of Huaan Hydropower Station, it has been incorporated into the southwest Fujian power grid. There are 4 power stations in Wan 'anxi, 45,000 kilowatts in Wan 'an Power Station of the upstream leading reservoir and 3000 kilowatts behind the dam of Daban Reservoir of the upstream leading reservoir. There are Huaan xipu Creek Xinxu Hydropower Station and Xiandu Creek Houbange Hydropower Station. Xixi has built a shipyard secondary hydropower station, and Nanyi Reservoir can be connected to the grid for power generation after restoration, with an installed capacity of 20,000 kilowatts, which can increase the power generation of downstream Naner, Nansan and Nansi hydropower stations. Since the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) in Jiulong River, many water conservancy projects have been built in Jiulong River Basin, with a total water storage capacity of 2,654.38+million cubic meters, an effective irrigated area of 65,438+0,654,388+0.8 million hectares and an irrigated farmland area of 85,400 hectares (654.38+0.28 million mu), accounting for about 50% of the total cultivated land area. The dikes in the middle and lower reaches of Jiulong River have been built about1.90km, including 79km in Xixi, which can protect about1.2700 hectares of cultivated land with a population of more than 400,000. In addition, Tianbao and other power irrigation and drainage stations have been built, with a total installed capacity of10.2 million kilowatts and a benefit area of 0.47 million hectares. 1980, Beixi water diversion project was completed, which basically solved the long-standing water shortage problem in Xiamen. Flood dike1June, 959, Fujian Provincial Department of Water Resources and Electric Power drew up the Jiulong River Basin Planning Report (Draft). 10 In June, the Survey and Design Institute of Fujian Provincial Department of Water Resources and Electric Power compiled the preliminary design of Zhangzhou Jiulong River flood dike project, which was approved by Fujian Provincial Department of Water Resources and Electric Power and started on June 10 of that year. The design flood control standards are: normal operation: once every 20 years, the flood level of Xixi (Zhengdian Station, the same below) is 4200 m3/s, and that of Beixi (Punan Station, the same below) is 6260 m3/s, which is 0.8 ~1.0m lower than the flood peak; Unconventional operation: Xixi River is 5690 m3/s and Beixi River is 7430 m3/s, which is guaranteed once every 50 years, and the flood level is lower than 1.0 m flood peak. 196 1 year+February. 1962 According to the flood situation of 1959 ~ 1962 for three consecutive years, the Provincial Department of Water Resources and Electric Power has re-compiled the Jiulong River Basin Planning Report (Revised Draft) and submitted it to the Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power for review. At the same time, the flood control policy of "mainly discharging, supplemented by storage, and simultaneously discharging and storing" is determined, and the control scheme of building downstream flood dike and Nanyi Reservoir to intercept flood and generate electricity in Shipyard Creek is adopted. After the completion of the flood control embankment on the lower reaches of Jiulong River in Zhangzhou, the earth embankment on the left bank of Xixi River was raised and thickened at 1964 ~ 1965, and the outside of the stone embankment was covered with concrete. 1973 to 1974, the left bank of Xixi and the embankment section of Beixi Protection Zhangzhou City were expanded and rebuilt, and a stone embankment was added as a wave wall. After1981"September 22nd" flood, some dikes were added with ballast platforms. And build additional relief wells for the dike sections with serious leakage. 1985 Zhangzhou city 2. 1km stone dike adopts high-pressure directional sprayed concrete to build underground cutoff wall with depth of 16m. Up to 1990, there are 24 dikes in the lower reaches of Jiulong River, with the dike length of 108.3 1 km (including: earth dike 106. 14 km and stone dike 2. 17 km). The main buildings are: 34 sluices with 77 holes, sluices 14 holes 18 holes, culverts 14 holes 17 holes, 84 relief wells and 54 groins. After several years of operation, the flood control capacity of Jiulong River levee has been declining year by year due to the serious siltation of the river course and the elevation of the river bed. According to the actual measurement and calculation, the reaches of Kangshan, Shidi, Zhou Xia and Buwendi in Longhai County, which protect the left bank of Xixi in Zhangzhou City, can only defend against the flow of 5 100 m3/s (Zhengdian Station), which is equivalent to the once-in-a-year flood in 18, and the rest can only defend against the once-in-a-year flood in10. The flow of Beixi Wupu and Neilinkfang (Punan Station) is 8900 cubic meters per second, which is equivalent to once in 50 years. The flood area in the lower reaches of Jiangbei Creek in Kowloon is mainly located on both sides of Jinlong Creek in Changtai County, Nehrig in Zhangzhou City and Jiaowei in Longhai County. Flood area 1 1 1,000 mu, 1, once in 960, 63 kilometers of flood dike has been built. Among them, the dike standard in Nehrig is high, and the crest elevation can prevent the flood once every 50 years; Below Jiaowei Jiangdong Bridge, the crest elevation can basically defend against the flood on June 9 1960. The problem is that there are many dangerous buildings and hidden dangers, which need to be renovated and thickened. The downstream dike of Longjinxi River, the dam section of Changtai Chengguan and the dam section of Zuoan River have reached the once-in-20-year flood control standard, with a flood discharge capacity of 2,320 cubic meters per second; The Xuemei Dike and Heting Dike of Guanban Dike reach the once-in-a-year flood of 10, and the flood discharge capacity is 1.770 cubic meters per second. According to legend, a long time ago, there lived a couple by the Beixi River. They have a son named Geng Gu. The drum is thick and the eyes are big, and the waist is round and the arms are wide. He is good at all kinds of farm work, and has a taciturn, honest and stubborn temperament. He has a wife named stalagmites. It is said that stalagmites are newly unearthed in the red bamboo forest behind the Drum Tower. Genggu and stalagmites became relatives, gave birth to a man and a woman in the spring of the second year of marriage, and lived a very happy life. However, in the midsummer of that year, there was no rain for 79 consecutive days. The villagers knelt in the sun and prayed for rain, but day by day passed and everything remained the same. Then one day at noon, there were finally signs of rain. However, nine dragons of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, black and white brought signs of rain to the villagers. As Jiuse Dragon flew south, the dark clouds disappeared and a yellow silk floated in the air. Huang Ling wrote in a straight book: "Escort a pair of children to Kowloon Lake every day for use in Kowloon, otherwise it will never rain." In order to save the living, the villagers had to reluctantly abandon their children. Every village took turns to send a pair of boys and girls to visit Kowloon Lake every day. But ten days later, there is still no sign of rain. More drum to get rid of Kowloon. Although stalagmite felt pain, considering the villagers' suffering, she agreed that her husband would kill dragons for the people. Stalagmites took out a golden hairpin from the dressing box, cut one from the red carnation and burned it to ashes. Then they gave two things to Geng Gu and taught him how to use them. The next day, Geng drum provoked a pair of boys and girls with a laundry list. Accompanied by the villagers, he bid farewell to his mother and wife and went to Jiulongtan. On the third night, as the pool rushed out of the water column dozens of feet high, nine dragons took off and rushed to the laundry list. More drum play it by ear took out carnation ash from the bosom-scattered it in Kowloon, just visible provoked a laundry list and ran back. In an instant, Kowloon Eight Dragons were blinded by carnation ash and killed in the mountains of southern Fujian. Qinglong dodged quickly, but fortunately it was not hurt by ash. It will burn into a black boulder, but it will still be killed by stalagmites. According to legend, the nine-color dragon turned into a big river, named "Jiulong River".