Shandong folklore has a long history and has been passed down from generation to generation. According to historical records, folklore and archaeological excavations, as early as

the Neolithic period, there were a large number of folk customs reflecting Dongyi culture in Shandong, such as food and drink utensils, clothes and cosmetics, production tools, adult etiquette, marriage forms, tomb types, totem worship, mountain and river beliefs, etc., all showing the characteristics of Shandong folk customs in prehistoric times.

during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, especially after the feudalism in Qilu, there was a situation of unusual customs in Shandong, but with the formation of Confucius and Mencius' theory, the overall image of Qilu was gradually established. Since then,

Shandong folk custom with "ceremony" as the core has been in a dominant position in the whole feudal society, and "the wind is close to Zou Lu" is often taken as the criterion for evaluating folk custom

, which still has an impact on China and even the world today.

The differences between Qi and Lu folk customs in history have a profound influence on the regional differences and complexity and diversity of Shandong folk customs. This historical fact strongly shows that the formation and evolution of folk customs are closely related to the political, economic and cultural conditions of a certain era, and the related conditions often vary from place to place. Jiang Shang ruled Qi by adopting the policy of "being simple and courteous because of its customs". Therefore, the customs of Qi inherited the cultural tradition of Dongyi, and were less bound by the ritual system of Zongzhou, and its

behavior of benefiting merchants, respecting sages and valuing merits, etc., was even more colored with commodity economy. Lu custom tries to replace the original cultural tradition with Zhou Li, which is more natural and economical. Although Qilu customs are as different as

, they are all originated from the tradition of Dongyi culture, and they all take propriety and righteousness as the core of folk customs thought and behavior.

The consistency of this content can not be changed by the differences in manners and customs, inaction, and extensive education in Shandong. The Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius, which rose in this period, played a great role in standardizing the inheritance of literature, including folk customs, in Shandong Province. Confucius' so-called "Qi changed to Lu and Lu changed to Tao" is a basic summary of Shandong folk culture in this period.

after the unification of Qin and Han dynasties, especially after Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty's "exclusive respect for Confucianism", Confucianism of Confucius and Mencius became the mainstream of China's traditional culture, and the folk customs in Shandong Province were further unified within the framework of Confucianism and formed into traditions.

Although there have been several dynasty changes and the integration of national cultures, the traditional folk culture with etiquette as the core has not changed much. In modern times, with the decline of feudal society and the influence of western culture, Shandong folk customs began to evolve to modern times. After the May 4th Movement, especially after the beginning of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the establishment of Shandong revolutionary base area

enabled a generation of new customs to develop, such as the spring breeze blowing all over Shandong, which deeply affected all aspects of people's lives.

The Spring Festival mass cultural performances in Yimeng Mountain area still follow the tradition of revolutionary base areas, and even the custom of calling young women "literacy classes" is the same as that of that year.

In the early days of the founding of New China, under the leadership of the Party and the people's government, the broad masses of the people broke the old customs and established new styles.

New styles and new fashions were gradually formed, which effectively promoted the economic and social development of Shandong. After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978, under the new situation of reform and opening up, Shandong's economic and social life has changed with each passing day.

New folk customs have emerged one after another, with a strong flavor of the times. At the same time, the party and the people's government have taken various measures to purify the social environment and achieved good results.

Shandong folk customs, influenced by various conditions, show their own diversity and regionality. The hinterland of Shandong province, including Jinan, Qingzhou, Tai 'an and Yanzhou, has always been the center of politics, economy and culture. Since ancient times, the four people have had regular businesses,

chang yi has regular festivals at the age of six, and there are regular systems for food, clothing, housing and transportation. Its folk heritage is of typical significance to the surrounding areas, and

it can be regarded as a representative of Shandong folk customs. Qufu and Zoucheng in this area are the hometown of Confucius and Mencius, and Tai 'an has Tai < P > Mountain, which is the first of the five mountains, and its folk characteristics are particularly remarkable. The custom of Confucius and Mencius family not only affects the local area, but also reaches far and wide at home and abroad. The

family custom of Confucius' house, ancestor worship, wedding funeral, New Year's Day custom, food, clothing, housing and transportation are typical examples of noble customs.

Mount Tai is a place where emperors of past dynasties closed their shrines, and where people worship the mountains. It is a living standard for studying folk beliefs and a hot spot for developing folk tourism resources.

in the eastern coastal areas, the customs of fishing and going out to do business are the most prominent. Rizhao, Rongcheng, Penglai and Long Island are the most typical fishing villages. Residents in the coastal areas of Penglai, Longkou (Huangxian County) and Laizhou (Yexian County) follow the tradition of "

people are interested in profit-seeking", and the custom of going out for business has been enduring for generations. The "buyers and sellers" of Peng, Huang and Ye have great influence not only in Northeast China, but also in Beijing, Tianjin and Shanghai.

in Yimeng mountain area in the southeast of Shandong province, the ancient culture originated earlier, which not only has mountain characteristics, but also retains more traditional folk customs. And a series of good manners and customs formed during War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation were further developed after the establishment of < P > in New China.

Southwest Shandong and Northwest Shandong are alluvial plains of the Yellow River, and folk customs are closely related to the ancient Yellow River, which has unique characteristics. Its traditional opera, music and dance, folk arts and crafts (such as paper-cutting and embroidery) have all gone to the whole country and the world.

Shandong's urban folk customs can also form a series independently, among which there are various types. Jinan is a thousand-year-old city, with

old streets, time-honored brands and ancient customs everywhere. At the same time, it is a spring city and a lake city, and the elegance of the north and the south of the Yangtze River is unique to the world. Qingdao is a new city that has sprung up in the past hundred years, and the atmosphere of modern cities is the strongest.

the development of Yantai city, starting from the defensive city in the Ming dynasty, gradually incorporated the surrounding villages into the urban area in modern times, which can best

show the characteristics of urban and rural integration and coexistence of soil and foreign countries.

local special customs are often caused by local products and special skills.

For example, Yantai is called the hometown of apples, Laiyang is the hometown of pears, Feicheng is the hometown of peaches, Dezhou and Changle are the hometown of watermelons, Leling and Wudi are the hometown of dates, Zhangqiu is the hometown of green onions, Cangshan is the hometown of garlic, Heze is the hometown of peonies, and Laizhou is the hometown of roses.

customs are formed due to special skills, such as the customs of brewing, selling and drinking

wine in Lanling Town of Cangshan, Jingzhi Town of Anqiu and Jimo City, the ancient customs of making donkey-hide gelatin in Dong 'e, Yanggu and Pingyin, the customs of stocking tussah,

weaving cocoon silk and eating silkworm chrysalis and moth in Qixia, Muping and Rushan, Changyi and Boxing. The custom of printing, selling and posting woodblock New Year pictures in Weifang, Pingdu, Gaomi, Yanggu Zhangqiu Town,

Liaocheng and Huimin Qinghe Town, the art-following custom of clay toy artists in Gaomi Niejiazhuang, Linyi Chuzhuang,

Cangshan Xiaoguo, Huimin Henan Zhanghuoli, Shenxian and other places, and the art-following custom of Tancheng Fanyi and Ganzi

.

from ancient times to the present, Shandong folk culture has been constantly communicating with other regions due to immigration, transportation, and going out for a job grade, which is manifested in the evolution of folk customs and has formed a trend of both absorption and opening up.

The folk culture brought by immigration has a profound influence on Shandong folk customs. At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the policy of "emigrants will broaden their rural areas" was implemented. At that time, many counties in Shandong Province were classified as "broad rural areas". From the second year of Hongwu to Yongle, a large number of emigrants

moved from Sophora japonica in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province to Dezhou, Binzhou, Liaocheng, Tai 'an, Heze and Jining in Shandong Province, and some of them

moved eastward from Binzhou. In this way, Shanxi immigrants are almost all over Shandong. "ask my ancestors where

? The ballad "Big Sophora japonica in Hongdong, Shanxi" has been circulated among more than twenty generations in Shandong. Traces of Shanxi customs' influence on residents in the east of the mountain still exist. For example, the cold food festival does not eat fire, which is said to commemorate Jiezitui, a loyal minister of the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period.

The noodles made by the people in the cold food festival are also called "Zituiyan". Most of the residents in several counties in northwest Shandong migrated from Zaoqiang County in Zhili (now Hebei Province) in the early Ming Dynasty. Among them, there is also a popular song: "Where is my hometown?" Zaoqiang County in Zhili Province < P >. " The places where they live, such as New Year pictures, clay toys and other folk works of art, are still close to the style of Zaoqiang.

The immigrants from Sichuan to Shandong in the early Ming Dynasty were mostly concentrated in Laizhou, so the customs of Laizhou were different from those of its eastern neighbors.

. Lijin County and Kenli County near the Yellow River Estuary have experienced several official and folk spontaneous immigrants in modern times. Here, we can see various phenomena that immigrants make folk culture merge with each other. Kenli was originally located in Lijin for land analysis. Almost all of its land was deposited by sediment brought by the Yellow River in the past hundred years. The land reclamation people in Lijin called it "Dawa", and after reclamation it was called "Kenliwa". The place is around the county seat of Kenli today, and the customs are the same as Lijin. In the northeast of the county

city, most of the land reclamation people come from Shouguang and Guangrao, but Shouguang is the most, and the customs are similar to Shouguang; Near the Yellow River estuary, in 1935, the flood victims were moved from Dongping, Liangshan, Pingyin, Yanggu and other places by the government, and they preserved the customs of southwest Shandong. In the 196s, Shengli Oilfield was developed, and tens of thousands of workers came to the Yellow River Estuary with their families, and Dongying City was built in Dongying Village.

Sichuan, Shaanxi and Northeast workers were the most concentrated oil workers, so Dongying became a place where Sichuan, Shaanxi and Northeast customs coexisted with local customs.

dock towns along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, which flourished in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, such as Dezhou, Linqing, Dongchang (now Liaocheng), Zhang Qiu, Da 'anshan, Jining, Nanyang and Taierzhuang in Shandong Province, were influenced by north-south water transportation, and their customs were different from those in other places in Shandong. Most of these towns have a bamboo alley, where bamboo weaving shops

which are common in the south of the Yangtze River are concentrated. Teahouses are set up on the street, and their pavement pattern, tea selling and drinking customs are roughly the same as those of Jiangnan Teahouses.

The Yutang Sauce Garden in Jining was moved from Suzhou along the canal, and its products have maintained the Jiangnan flavor so far, and it still uses the signboard of "Gusu

Old Shop". Hada weaving in Linqing flourished because lamas went to Beijing along the canal. The custom of dowry with toilet in Jiangnan is popular in some villages along the canal in Dongchang.

A typical example of folk cultural exchange brought about by going out to find a job is when Shandong people went to Guandong in history. Shandong people

generally have two different types of going to Kanto: one is to move to the northeast rural areas and forest areas with their families, which has the nature of fleeing from famine, and the common saying is "forced to go to Kanto"; One is that he lives in Shandong, but he has been doing business in the northeast for most of his life, commonly known as "residence field"

. They brought the customs of Shandong to the northeast and brought them back to Shandong. Long-term communication has made the

folk culture of the two places have many similarities, especially some folk stories with the same content, such as the

story of bald-tailed Lao Li and the story of ginseng, which are equally widely circulated in Shandong and Northeast China. Shandong customs are influenced by the northeast, especially Jiaodong. There is a custom of steaming lanterns with bean flour in the hometown of Manchu in Changbai Mountain during the New Year. Among them, there is a kind of warehouse-shaped lantern, commonly known as "moon". When steaming lanterns, you can see the water vapor in the "moon" and predict the floods and droughts in the coming months. This custom was almost lost in Changbai Mountain area, but it was inherited by Rongcheng and Wendeng people.

The folklore research in Shandong started earlier and achieved considerable results. During the May 4th Movement, Peking University founded Ballad

and solicited contributions from the whole country. At that time, people in Shandong responded by collecting dozens of Shandong folk songs and publishing them in Ballad.

In 193s, some people collected, compiled and published books such as Shandong Folk Children's Games. During the period between War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation

, the soldiers and civilians in the revolutionary base areas used various forms of folk literature and art to create many works that were loved by the masses.

It was used to inspire the revolutionary enthusiasm of the soldiers and civilians, and it became an atmosphere for a while.