From the Renaissance to the middle of19th century, western art forms were constantly renovated. Especially after the emergence of Impressionism, Cubism, Fauvism, Abstraction, Dadaism, expressionism and Surrealism ... Until today's post-modern art ... its diverse forms make us dazzled and puzzled. For us, due to the living environment and historical reasons, we may not understand or like this existence, but there is no reason not to understand the reasons for this existence.
Art is always a reflection of social reality. Undeniably, the development of western art is inseparable from politics, economy, science and technology, culture and history there. The art of our time is a reflection of the spiritual concept of our time, and what kind of concept will produce what kind of art form. Therefore, the change of concept is the most important!
China has entered the modern society. Although the development is slow and people's feudal consciousness still exists, it can't go back to 1840 years ago after all. The process of reform and opening up is the process of changing ideas, and art education should be at the forefront of the times. Because art is forward-looking, how can our art education be divorced from such an era? As the foundation of art education, how does the concept of sketch teaching adapt to the development of the times? This is a problem that we educators should think about.
1. The diversity of sketch expression forms is the embodiment of the spirit of the times.
The diversity of sketch is formed under the concept of diversification in modern society. In the past, the classical art styles of a period or a region were basically similar, and the more mature the art, the more stylized it was. For example, the traditional arts of ancient Egypt, ancient India and China all have a complete set of technical procedures and fixed styles. The rise and fall of its style is mostly determined by the change of regime and the rise and fall of dynasties.
From the perspective of art history, classical art was formed under the feudal system, and artists served the emperor or God. At that time, artists had to have religious feelings. Generations forged a style to express an emotion, so pious that they didn't think they were doing art. In the capitalist era, since the Renaissance, the spirit of humanism has been widely spread. People's continuous understanding of the objective world and themselves, as the main body of life, have been given due respect. Artists have discovered the longing for freedom hidden in life and the joy of discovery and creation. Plastic arts are no longer just religious illustrations and court decorations, but require the juxtaposition of art and science. Plastic arts are as lofty as music and literature. In modern society, artists should express themselves through art, and the spirit of art lies in creation. When the slogan "Everyone is an artist" comes into our life, the richness of contemporary western art forms makes people who have long been suppressed by feudal consciousness unable to fully understand it.
The diversity of sketch is formed in the process of people's continuous discovery and creation. It can be said that the diversity of sketch is made possible by respecting individual creation.
Our teaching is based on cultivating healthy people. It is the responsibility of educators to respect everyone and discover their creative potential. In fact, "everyone is an artist" means respecting everyone's existence, and I think it is also the embodiment of humanistic spirit.
From this point of view, sketch can have many forms of expression, and the content of sketch teaching should be broader. Sketch is not only the training of skills and methods, but also the cultivation of ideas and concepts.
2. Sketch, as a basic teaching, is both an idea and a method.
Sketch is a way of thinking, a way of thinking. Kelly said: Take a walk with a thread. It illustrates such a meaning. We have seen the excellent sketches of Chinese and foreign artists in history, which all reflect the thoughts and unique opinions of the masters. Classical artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Diu Lei, Rubens and Rembrandt, even before impressionism, most of them had to draw sketches before creating. Even modern artists such as Cezanne, Van Gogh, Matisse and Picasso use sketches to think. Because sketch is so simple and direct.
From this perspective, "sketch is the basis of all plastic arts" is reasonable. It's just that what "style" this "sketch" is remains to be discussed.
The foundation of plastic arts is determined by artistic forms, and a single sketch method cannot solve the basic problems of "all plastic arts". And different ideas produce different sketch forms, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Cezanne, Van Gogh, Matisse, Picasso, Qi Baishi and Xu Beihong.
Sketch is to solve the problem of modeling, and more importantly, to solve the problem of conceptual understanding. For example, in some new media plastic arts, sketch is only some auxiliary means, and it is not necessary to have strong sketch "modeling" ability.
Various plastic arts have different requirements for sketch. Architectural design art and pure painting art have different requirements for sketch training. Architectural design needs rational intervention, respects scientific and technological means, pays attention to people's psychological, physiological and social visual needs and the rationality of practical functions. In sketch training, we pay more attention to understanding and analysis, and it seems more important to understand the proportion, perspective and space of the body, especially the concepts of proportion and logarithm. For example, the basic course of Bauhaus: the basic teaching of john eaton and Moholi is the representative of the norms and order that emphasize inner spiritual meditation and other practical techniques. Pure painting pays more attention to the training of individual intuition and sensibility, while western oil painting and Chinese painting have different requirements for sketch. Western oil painting sketch pays attention to the analysis and expression of objective images, especially classical oil painting not only has ideal aesthetic standards, but also the application of perspective and anatomical knowledge, and visual authenticity is the first; For Chinese painting, there is no such term as sketch. According to the broad sense of sketch, the insects, grass, feathers and hairs painted by Qi Baishi are all sketches, and Biography of Mustard Garden is a sketch manual.
Due to different artistic concepts, sketch forms are also different. In ancient China, there were sayings of "getting carried away" and "writing God in form". Dongpo said: "On painting and form, we can see it in children's neighborhood"; Western classical artists discovered the principles of anatomy and perspective for the sake of "similarity". The difference between a figurative realistic painter and an abstract painter lies in the influence of ideas on expression.
Sketch is a way of thinking, and music is a way of thinking. The difference between literature and philosophy is that they do not think in written language, but in a unique language-visual or auditory images and sounds.
Sketch is visual, an idea and a technical method. There are different technical methods according to your idea. Traditional China landscape painting has no focus perspective, and China painters don't have to stand at a fixed point to sketch a painting. The so-called "looking for a strange peak with heart" adopts the "three-distance method" of scattered point perspective. Western landscape painting must have a fixed point of view and a fixed light. Even if it is not a sketch of a scene, it must use strict focus perspective rules and specific lighting effects. At first, the perspective of western art and the method of light and shadow were not accepted in China, because people's customary views were changed.
Sketch is not only an idea, but also a technology. Because the word "technology" in art cannot avoid technical problems. Chinese painting emphasizes pen and ink skills. After nearly a thousand years of tempering, it has formed a set of unique expression techniques: hook, pull, rub, dye and dot. Before the opening of the country, people thought that painting should be like this. Then the concept change is to see what the world looks like, and it is "science" that affects our views. At this time, we want to draw a sketch that looks "correct", and we also need to learn the corresponding knowledge of anatomy and perspective, as well as the law of light and shadow changes.
Sketch teaching technical training is an important part of basic course teaching, but this technical training should be guided by corresponding ideas.
The basic course of plastic arts in art colleges consists of three parts. Namely: the application of sketch, color and tool materials. These three parts have both division of labor and connection, and are indispensable to the three aspects of a whole. Sketch training is inseparable from tool materials and the feeling of color; Similarly, color training can not be separated from tool materials and understanding of sketch; To be clear, tool materials are the material basis of all artistic creation. Choosing cutting tool materials is a conceptual problem, and being familiar with cutting tool materials is a technical problem. In the process of grasping "shape" in sketch training, technical problems are ahead.
The sketch of any formal concept is inseparable from the visual media carrier-materials and graphics. The material is flat or three-dimensional, colored or colorless paper or other substrates, and the graphics are traces of pencils, chalk or ink. These material combinations have their own technical contents. If you want to have a three-dimensional sense and a sense of space, the corresponding skills and knowledge are necessary. Composition, modeling and space, the control of the overall sense of the picture, the treatment of points, lines, surfaces, tones and black, white and gray, the application of anatomical knowledge and perspective rules, etc. Due to different majors, the required technical means are also different, but in the process of conveying physical feelings, the specific technical means are rich and need us to feel and discover. It is undeniable that sometimes the pursuit of technology will bring about a change in concept.
Even so, sketch teaching, as a basic part of plastic arts, should be involved in the essence of art from the beginning of its training, rather than just staying at the level of technical training. Sketch training is regarded as human perceptual training, emotional training and spiritual expression of social people. We know that there is no art without feeling, and rich and keen feeling is the life of art, so sketch teaching, as the basis of plastic arts, should take it as its own responsibility to explore students' nature, discover students' different visual perception and unique personalized expression, and at the same time supplement the corresponding plastic technology language to establish communication ability, which is the role of sketch teaching. Only in this way can we fully reflect the significance of sketch teaching in basic teaching.
3. Grasping sketch teaching in practice
1. Problems to be solved in sketch teaching
First of all, we should solve the problem of understanding, followed by the problem of performance. But what are the specific problems in sketch teaching? Simply put, it is a modeling problem. It's complicated to say. Sketch teaching aims to solve the visual graphic language that other media, such as text language other than color, can't express or can't express. Using visual graphic language to think, express and guide visual feelings is the core problem of sketch teaching.
(1). Cultivating students' independent observation and thinking ability is the starting point of basic teaching. Training students to observe deeply, think independently and have their own judgment is the first priority of sketch teaching;
(2) Studying people's general visual needs. Human vision, including both physical and psychological aspects, is an important subject to study the perceptual ability of a particular social class to graphics.
(3). In specific sketch works, the organizational structure of the picture is the first, and the modeling we are talking about cannot be separated from the specific picture space. The organizational structure of the picture has something in common with the management position of composition, but the difference is that the "organizational structure" emphasizes the internal organic connection of the picture schema and the overall composition of the visual form.
(4) Expression and communication of image feeling. Including image features, physical structure, texture, and sense of quantity give everyone the same or different feelings. There are both visual perception training and performance skills training here;
(5) The application and discovery of tools and materials, and the sensitivity to materials and tools are one of the important characteristics of contemporary artists. Sketching tools and materials are simple and relatively simple, and it is precisely because of simplicity that we have room for imagination.
(6) Understand history and tradition. Understanding and mastering Chinese and foreign history and traditions is one of the important ways to learn sketch. Sketch masters at all times and all over the world are our reference. Standing on the shoulders of giants, we can see farther. 2. Sketch teaching should be targeted.
Sketch training is targeted. This is due to different teaching stages, different professional nature and different ideas.
Have a decision.
(1). For the teaching of students' age, we must first understand the characteristics of students' physiological age and professional age, so as to avoid boring students and wasting effective time by repeated teaching;
(2) The development of students' personality. Every student's personality is different, so laying a generous and solid foundation for future artistic practice is not a preconceived style training, but a scientific guidance while respecting each student's personality;
(3) Training on specific topics. Different topics have different requirements. The formal elements of sketch art are decomposed and separated, and targeted training is carried out separately to strengthen the perception of visual formal elements.
(4) According to the different characteristics of different majors, the training of sensory skills is carried out. Different majors have different requirements, and understanding the characteristics of majors is the essential quality of teachers. Let students know more about the characteristics of different plastic arts and the relationship between the classics of various plastic arts languages and sketch, so as to avoid the blindness of learning sketch. 3. Technical training of sketch teaching
As mentioned above, as a basic sketch teaching, it should be involved in the essence of art-the expression of spirit from the beginning. As a way to express human spirit, sketch needs to involve technical problems, so "technicality" is an unavoidable problem in sketch teaching. We often say that in teaching practice, it is necessary to find out whether art teaching is to teach technology or art.
(1) See method. Visual art can not be separated from "seeing", and "seeing" itself does not need technology. Just look at it with your heart. However, in the process of growth, human cognition has changed because of knowledge. Being able to see with the "heart" also requires a certain method. Seeing is an important part of human perception, and 80% of human information comes from vision. Basic teaching is to awaken people's perception.
Some people are sensitive to "color", some people are sensitive to "shape", and some people like thick lines and big relationships, not sticking to form; Others like to list the details and enjoy it. How to guide the "holistic view" and "comparative view" in teaching is not only a conceptual problem, but also a technical problem.
(2) the use of tool materials. On the one hand, we should try to use all kinds of dry and wet materials, choose our favorite tools and materials, which are convenient, durable and lasting, and make material preparations for fully expressing ourselves. A teacher is like a master. He comes up with all kinds of recipes, and students can choose freely. Of course, a master's degree should also be a nutritionist.
(3) Application of theoretical knowledge. It is the combination of theory and practice, and sketch teaching is the initial combination point. Perspective, anatomy, ergonomics and visual psychology are all basic theoretical knowledge of plastic arts. The application of this knowledge in sketch teaching embodies extremely complicated techniques. Practical application courses should be set up in stages, levels and specialties, focusing on practical operation and drills.
4. The experimental nature of sketch teaching
An important feature of modern art is experimentation. Exploring the possibility of sketch expression in teaching is teaching.
The specific methods and approaches of experimental spirit: on the one hand, the possibility of material application; On the other hand, it is the possibility of visual psychological acceptance, which can greatly expand our visual space. Sketch as a basic teaching has its relative stability, but as an art teaching, the cultivation of innovative consciousness is the main purpose of teaching. Without the experimental spirit, there will be no breakthrough. How can we create technical training that adheres to the rules?
An open society needs open art, and open art needs an open mind. Experiment is to challenge the unknown and face the future. Sketch teaching should experience thinking and creative spirit.
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