1, medicinal calcium: calcium carbonate is the best, and vitamin a d concentrated fish glycerin drops should be taken at the same time of calcium supplementation. 0-6 months old baby's daily calcium intake is 400 mg; The daily requirement of a baby from 6 months to 1 year old is 600 mg.
2, complementary food calcium: milk, egg yolk, fish paste, shrimp paste, seaweed, seaweed soup, soy milk and so on.
3, complementary food zinc: liver mud, lean meat powder, chickens, ducks and geese, meat mud, fish mud, mushrooms, shellfish and so on. ; Drugs such as zinc gluconate and zinc sulfate can be taken under the guidance of a doctor.
4, complementary food iron: eat more vegetables, tomatoes, rape, celery and so on. Apricot, peach, plum, orange, jujube, lean meat, egg yolk, animal liver, kidney, etc. Because iron in food is not easily absorbed. Therefore, it is necessary to take vitamin E at the same time.
First of all, we should know whether the baby lacks nutrition. For children with calcium deficiency, it is best to know his diet first. Does he lack cod liver oil (vitamin D) and eat enough foods with more calcium, such as milk? If the baby has anemia, it is not necessary to supplement iron immediately. It is necessary to rule out thalassemia (a congenital abnormal hemoglobin disease), iron deficiency anemia, inflammation or lead poisoning. Nowadays, food is extremely rich, and there are many iron-containing foods. If the baby is iron deficiency anemia, it can be obtained from food under the guidance of a doctor.
Secondly, the absorption of various nutrients has its particularity. To supplement your baby's nutrition, you must master the absorption law of different nutrients to be effective. The absorption of calcium is mainly in the proximal small intestine, which is an active absorption process requiring energy, and active vitamin D can promote the absorption of calcium. When the calcium content in the diet is low or the human body's demand for calcium increases, the intestine will immediately become active and actively absorb calcium. The absorption of calcium is closely related to age, and the younger the age, the higher the absorption rate of calcium. Iron absorption is also in the proximal small intestine. The characteristics of iron absorption are influenced by three feedback mechanisms. Intermittent low-dose iron supplementation, plus vitamins C and b2, will get twice the result with half the effort.
Furthermore, try to eliminate the interference factors of nutrient absorption. Different nutrients may interfere with each other when they enter the body and are absorbed by the body. Therefore, in order to improve the absorption efficiency of nutrients, we should try to exclude the interference of other factors when absorbing nutrients. It used to be thought that high-phosphorus food would affect the absorption and loss of calcium, so most advanced formula milk powder would adjust the ratio of calcium to phosphorus to make it beneficial to the storage of calcium. There is a strong competition between inorganic iron and inorganic zinc, and there is interference and absorption between them. Calcium, iron and zinc are all absorbed in the form of divalent ions, and they will compete with each other when absorbed by the intestine. It is best not to take it at the same time.
In addition, when supplementing calcium and iron nutrients, we should also pay attention to avoid the influence of some dietary and pharmaceutical factors. For example, vegetables containing more oxalic acid and phytic acid will affect the absorption of minerals such as calcium and iron; Dietary fiber, ethanol (alcohol), tetracycline, heparin and other drugs interfere with calcium absorption; When the body is under stress, the synthesis of thyroxine and adrenocortical hormone is also not conducive to the absorption of calcium. Vitellogenin in egg yolk interferes with iron absorption; Tea and coffee contain polyphenols, which is not conducive to the absorption of iron; Antacids neutralize stomach acid and hinder the absorption of iron.
How much calcium does the baby need every day?
Babies' demand for calcium varies with age, sex and physiological status. According to the recommended daily dietary calcium supply revised by China Nutrition Society 200 1:
*. 1~6 months: breast-fed babies need about 300 mg a day, and artificially fed babies need about 400 mg.
*.7~ 12 months: about 500~600 mg is needed every day.
*. 1~3 years old: about 600~800 mg is needed every day.
How do I know if my baby is getting enough calcium?
I suggest you keep a diary for your baby for a period of time and calculate his daily calcium intake. After a long time, you will know in your heart. For bagged food, you can look at the ingredient list on the package. If the calcium content is 40%, then the calcium intake of this bag of food is 400 mg. But if it is bulk food, the calcium content is not easy to calculate. You can also surf the Internet or check related teaching materials, which are generally marked. Add up the inquired calcium intake. If it is lower than the baby's daily calcium requirement, it proves that the baby's daily calcium supplement is insufficient.
How to find the baby is calcium deficient?
When the baby is short of calcium, the first symptom is that the skull is soft and the fontanel is big, and there is a feeling of touching table tennis when pressing the skull. Severe calcium deficiency can cause sternal processes such as chicken breast, and the lower limbs can be "O" shaped legs or "X" shaped legs due to standing for a long time. In addition to the changes in bones, there may be night sweats, restless sleep, delayed eruption of deciduous teeth, occipital baldness and other manifestations.
Dr. Dong's suggestion: Whether the baby is calcium deficient can't be judged only by the above performance, but if the baby has these performances, parents should pay attention. The most accurate method is to go to the hospital to monitor the calcium content, such as dietary calcium, serum calcium, urine calcium, bone mineral density and so on.
Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division to prevent calcium deficiency in infants
Supplement-eat more foods rich in calcium.
Babies are in an important period of growth and development, and they need more calcium than adults. Therefore, it is necessary to supplement your baby with enough calcium. Breast milk is a natural calcium supplement, and the ratio of calcium to phosphorus is most suitable for babies to absorb, so we advocate breast-feeding babies. Breastfeeding mothers should eat more calcium-rich foods, which can increase the calcium content of breast milk and indirectly supplement calcium for their babies. For babies who have added complementary food, milk and dairy products are the best choice for calcium supplementation, because dairy products are recognized as the food with the most calcium at present, and the absorption rate is also very high. In addition, various vegetables and fruits also contain a small amount of calcium. Nuts and seafood are also foods rich in calcium sources, and also contain vitamin D, which can promote the absorption of calcium.
Negative vitamin d should not be supplemented excessively.
Vitamin D has biological activity and can promote the absorption of calcium. Therefore, while supplementing calcium to your baby, you should also supplement vitamin D appropriately. However, it is worth noting that vitamin D is not a nutrient and cannot be supplemented excessively. If the baby ingests too much vitamin D, it will lead to excessive accumulation of vitamin D in the body and symptoms of poisoning, such as loss of appetite, nausea and emaciation. Dr. Dong suggested that parents should give their babies vitamin D scientifically under the guidance of professionals.
Sunbathing on horseback helps to supplement calcium.
7- dehydrocholesterol stored in baby's skin can be converted into vitamin D through photochemical action, thus promoting the absorption and utilization of calcium. Moreover, vitamin D synthesized by sunlight in the body is the safest and will not lead to excessive vitamin D. But parents should be careful not to burn their babies in hot summer.
Except-scientifically eat foods that inhibit calcium absorption.
Some vegetables, such as spinach, bamboo shoots, amaranth, edamame, water bamboo, onion and grass head, contain oxalic acid, which can combine with calcium to form calcium oxalate, which affects the absorption of calcium. Therefore, before cooking these vegetables, they should be scalded with boiling water to remove oxalic acid.
Calcium should not be eaten with fatty foods, because if you eat too much fat, the free fatty acids produced after digestion are easy to combine with calcium, which reduces the absorption of calcium, so your baby should avoid eating too much fat.
When dietary fiber is ingested too much, the combination of its components with calcium will also reduce the absorption of calcium, so it is not recommended for babies to eat more coarse grains.
What problems should we pay attention to when supplementing calcium?
* Calcium supplementation should not be led by advertisements. For a time, advertisements for calcium supplement products were overwhelming, promoting calcium supplement for the whole people, which led people to follow the advertisements. In fact, some manufacturers have added some false words to their advertisements in order to increase product sales and expand their popularity, exaggerating the effect. Studies show that the absorption rate of various calcium agents to human body is about 30% ~ 40%, which is obviously far from the absorption rate of more than 90% advertised. To deal with these, we need to have a correct and objective judgment when buying calcium supplements, and we can't follow the advertisements.
* Simple examination cannot determine whether there is calcium deficiency. In fact, the meaning of calcium deficiency is very general and vague. There is no term "calcium deficiency" in medicine, only specific diseases such as rickets, hypocalcemia and osteoporosis, and the factors that lead to these diseases are not only insufficient calcium supplementation, but also other complex factors. Therefore, a simple test with only one instrument can not determine whether the baby is calcium deficient. A recent 7-year study shows that calcium tablets and vitamin D not only have little effect on osteoporosis, but also pose a potential danger to kidney calculi. It can be seen that the diagnosis of calcium deficiency is complicated, and calcium supplementation is not dispensable.
* calcium products should pay attention to quality. At present, there are countless calcium supplement products, which are difficult for ordinary people to choose and doctors to adapt. When choosing a product, mom can't think that the more expensive it is, the higher the calcium content, the higher the absorption rate and the better the effect. Some calcium supplements claim to be "deposited well and absorbed quickly", others claim to be "small particles", and even introduce "atomic calcium" and "nano-calcium", which makes people feel that the finer calcium is, the easier it is to absorb. In fact, the absorption and utilization rate of calcium by human body has nothing to do with the particle size of calcium products, but depends on whether it has biological activity.
Experts remind that calcium preparations extracted directly from calcium-rich substances such as bones and oysters may be contaminated by toxic substances such as lead and arsenic, so it is necessary to buy safety products of pharmaceutical preparations approved by the state.
Children are prone to nutritional iron deficiency anemia with high incidence. According to the different levels of economic development and eating habits in different regions of China, the prevalence rate of iron deficiency anemia in children is about 10% ~ 40%. Iron deficiency in children can lead to decreased resistance, fatigue, pallor, irritability, crying or listlessness, inactivity and loss of appetite. Older children complain of dizziness, dark eyes and tinnitus. The diagnosis of anemia is relatively easy, and the initial diagnosis can be made through routine blood examination combined with medical history and physical examination. Iron is a specific drug for iron deficiency anemia. Because iron has a certain stimulating effect on gastrointestinal mucosa, children often take syrup instead of tablets, while vitamin C can promote the absorption of iron, and the course of treatment usually takes about 3 months to replenish iron reserves. Clinically, many children's symptoms have obviously improved after 1 month of treatment, and parents stop taking drugs without authorization, which is easy to lead to recurrence. Therefore, even if the symptoms improve, we should continue to supplement iron, feed reasonably, add complementary food in time, improve the dietary structure, increase more iron-rich lean meat, animal blood and other foods, and carry out insect repellent treatment when necessary.
It should be emphasized that iron has strong side effects. If the child has no anemia or iron deficiency, don't take iron as a tonic and buy iron supplements for the child without authorization. If anemia occurs, please consult a doctor and use drugs rationally in strict accordance with the doctor's advice, otherwise it may not only affect the growth and development of children, but also lead to iron poisoning. Prevention should start with the daily diet structure and diet collocation to avoid partial eclipse and picky eaters.
Zinc is very important for promoting children's physical and intellectual development and strengthening their physique. Zinc deficiency can cause anorexia and pica (such as eating soil and eating wall skin). ) and decreased immune function; Severe zinc deficiency will lead to cognitive behavior changes and affect intellectual development. However, if a large amount of zinc is supplemented, it will lead to hyperzinemia and even zinc poisoning, which is also harmful to health. Therefore, if the child has the above-mentioned zinc deficiency symptoms, parents suspect that the child may be zinc deficient, and they can go to a regular hospital to test the serum zinc level. After diagnosis, according to the degree of zinc deficiency, we can generally take the method of food supplement first, eat more foods rich in zinc such as seafood, meat, animal liver, eggs, etc., and take zinc preparations such as zinc gluconate under the guidance of a doctor when necessary for appropriate supplementary treatment. The course of treatment is generally 2-3 months. Parents should not blindly supplement their children with zinc preparations, especially compound preparations containing various trace elements, which is unscientific.
For the laboratory diagnosis of zinc deficiency, it is best to analyze the zinc content in children's serum by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, but the determination of zinc in hair is often affected by factors such as hair growth rate, environmental pollution and hair sample washing method, and the results are often inaccurate. At present, the methods of extracting peripheral blood and measuring trace elements in whole blood with one drop of blood carried out in many hospitals are not accurate enough. Therefore, the diagnosis of zinc deficiency should be based on clinical symptoms, such as anorexia, pica, backward growth and development, combined with the determination of serum zinc in the laboratory.
When taking zinc preparation, it should be taken separately from other elemental preparations to avoid competing with each other to transport protein and inhibit absorption. For example, calcium preparation will affect the absorption of zinc, but zinc will not affect the absorption of calcium. Eat calcium in the morning and evening and zinc at noon, with an interval of more than 3 hours.
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Foods containing zinc. Oyster meat is the food with the highest zinc content. Other foods such as beef, milk, chicken, chicken liver, egg yolk, shellfish, peanuts, cereals, beans, potatoes, vegetables and brown sugar all contain a certain amount of zinc.
Milk and dairy products in food are rich in calcium and have high absorption rate. Vegetables and beans also have high calcium content, but the absorption rate of calcium decreases due to the interference of oxalic acid and persimmon acid. Calcium content in common foods: per 100g food is as follows; 9 ~ 14 mg of rice, 29 mg of millet, 38 mg of flour, 367 mg of soybean, 80 mg of mung bean, 277 mg of tofu, 0/00 mg of edamame, 68 mg of soybean sprouts, 4 1 mg of Chinese cabbage, 0/63 mg of Chinese cabbage and oil. 357mg of Datoulai, 300mg of celery, kelp 1 1 77mg, citrus 56mg, apple11mg, strawberry 32mg, banana 9mg, human milk 34mg, milk120mg, goat milk/goat milk. Although the calcium content of human milk is low, hypocalcemia rarely occurs in human milk feeders because of the appropriate ratio of calcium and phosphorus and high absorption rate.
The highest iron content in animal foods is pig liver, followed by fish, lean pork, beef and mutton. Among plant foods, soybean has the highest content. The iron content of fresh vegetables is higher, followed by Philippine food, shepherd's purse and celery. Peaches, bananas, walnuts and red dates also contain more iron. The iron content of auricularia auricula in other foods is also quite high, and kelp, seaweed and mushrooms are not small. The iron content in human milk and milk is low.
Among the above foods, animal foods and soybeans not only have high iron content, but also have high iron absorption rate. The iron content in food is not necessarily proportional to the iron absorption rate. For example, the iron content in egg yolk is high, but the absorption rate decreases because the iron in egg yolk is often combined with phosphorus organic matter. Although the iron content in breast milk is low, the iron absorption rate is high. Food collocation also has a great influence on iron absorption. For example, vegetables and grains contain oxalic acid and plant acid, so eating with these foods will inhibit the absorption of iron, and eating with vitamin C can promote the absorption of iron.
Parents should choose some foods with high iron content and high iron absorption rate, and pay attention to the collocation between foods to prevent nutritional iron deficiency anemia.
Wish a healthy baby a happy growth! ! ! ^@~