In the 6th century BC/KLOC-0 and the 4th century BC to the 2nd century AD, the natural climate knowledge of plants, animals and insects in China (see "Summer") was studied by the Greek scholar Aristotle (384 BC? 322)500 kinds of animals, and observe the anatomy and embryonic development. His "Animals" structure "Animals, Animal Movement, Animals and Animal Reproduction" is the oldest zoo document. His student, Theophras, described hundreds of species with a strong rust color (about 37 BC1year to 287 BC). Classification of Flowers and the Origin of Plants. The late Huangdi Neijing had a better understanding of the position, size and function of the body during the Warring States Period (476-222 BC). It is about Dabie Mountain, an elegant plant at the end of the Warring States Period. The linear organs of grass, wood and similar species describe the process and physiological characteristics of men and women more accurately. The arrangement of birds and beasts shows similar grass-roots units before the Han Dynasty (206 BC to 8 AD) from the 2nd century BC to the 3rd century AD. In terms of written form, Shennong Herbal Classic in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) is the first book in the world to record 252 kinds of plant medicinal materials and 67 kinds of veterinary drugs. 23 79) Galen, a natural (biological) Roman doctor (about 129 to 200 C.Galen), recorded the climax of known knowledge in 3 7 volumes and made outstanding contributions to the comparative anatomy and physiological experimental research of ancient medicine. By the 4th century AD, 80 species of tropical and subtropical Guangdong yellow ants (recorded by Oecophylla smaragdina) had been used for biological control of citrus pests. In the 5th century A.D., Dai Kai's Bamboo Spectrum (about a book), at the end of the 5th century, four-character poems described more than 70 species of the earliest existing southern bamboo plants in China. In the 6th century A.D., Beijia Department wrote: "Qi Min wants the experience summarized in the Medicine Book (533-540 old books), the agricultural production in China in the lower reaches of the Yellow River since the Qin and Han Dynasties, and rich biological knowledge, such as plant inheritance and variation, the sex of some crops and artificial selection. In the 7th century AD, the Tang Dynasty's Newly Revised Materia Medica (659), drug maps 25 and 7, animals and plants are the earliest existing maps. From the 8th century to10th century, it became the main ridge record of downstream ancestors, recording the historical knowledge of ecological environment and living habits. This book contains a large number of animals. (10365438+. 1095) The book Meng Qian Bi Tan written by Shen Songkuo describes 609 species of dozens of organisms, involving biological morphology, classification, distribution, ecology and fossil knowledge. 12nd century, the peonies in Luoyang in Song Dynasty (Ouyang Xiu), Litchi (Cai Xiang) and Yangzhou (from the king's point of view)13rd century German scholar Albert Magnus (1200 to 1280), their biological knowledge of ancient Greece. "Animals" and "Flowers" 1247 Song Ci poets in the Southern Song Dynasty, MD (65438+ 15- 16), the first Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty (1406), Wang climbed the excellent picnic. Italian scholar Leonardo da Vinci (Da Vinci, 1452, 1528). And calculate an accurate anatomical map. 1543 Belgian doctor Vesaliua (A. Vesalius, 15 14- 1564) published the book Structure, which corrected some mistakes made by Galen and laid the foundation of modern anatomy. 5538+0553 Spanish service. 1511-1553), found in pulmonary circulation. 1578 compendium of materia medica written by Li Shizhen (15 1593) in Ming dynasty; China's1/kloc-0 * *1583 Italian scholar Nuo (a. The shapes of flowers and plant organs are based on the plant classification 65438+. There are about 1500 species in the book Plants (1583), which describes and describes the insect compound eyes made by Italian scholar Galileo (1564, 1642). Plant hybridization experiment was published in 1866. The results of pea hybridization experiment reported by Austrian geneticist G Mendel (1822 1884) found these two basic genetic laws. However, it did not attract people's attention. 1907, American physiologist Harrison (R.Harrison 1870 to 1959), suspension drop method and tissue culture technology promoted the development of experimental biology. 1908, French doctor Karel (A.Carrel 1944, organ transplantation and tissue culture methods in biological research 19 12 years Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. British mathematician Hardy (GHHardy 1877 1949) and German doctor Weinberg (W.Weinbery 1937, 1862). It shows that the application of the mathematical law of genetic balance (Hardy-Weinberg law) has laid a foundation. The study of population genetics. The genetic concept of genotype and phenotype of "Gene Book of Pure System Theory and Principle" founded by Danish geneticist Johnson1909 (18571927 W. Johannsen). British doctor Garraud (1857 1936) published a book, Metabolic Birth Defects, Metabolic Pathway Controlled by Mendel Genetic Factors 19 10 American geneticist Morgan (186650). The supercilious features of Drosophila are always related to sex, and it is pointed out that supercilious genes are located on the X chromosome, but not on the Y chromosome. For example, after alleles discovered the phenomenon of sex-linked inheritance, in the experiment of Drosophila, they found a method of chain exchange. Genetic theory was published in 1926. 1933 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. 19 1 1 American biochemical separation and fink (C.Funk 1884 1967), to purify the crystallized B vitamins in rice bran 1965438+. British biochemist Hopkins (FGHopkins 1947, 186 1 year), the concepts of vitamins and "malnutrition" were confirmed by experiments. The vision of the Dutch scholar blakeman (C. Aikman 1930, 1858) was confirmed by experiments. Therapeutic effect of polyneuritis. Blakeman, the eye of Hopkins, 1929 won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine. German biochemist Oh Warburg (18831970) designed an accurate oxygen consumption rate meter for tissues, and found the role of heme in the biological oxidation of respiratory chain, which laid the foundation for his work. In order to study biological oxidation, 193 1 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 19 14 American social biochemist Kendall (ECKendall's 1972, 1886), extract and thyroxine crystal technology (FWTwort,187719/kloc-) 1950), the discovery by German and French scholars and Rayleigh (FHD "Herelle1950)1915, and the famous American nutritionist mccallum (EVMc femoral neck 1967) are in1. Vitamin d, and proved its relationship with osteomalacia. 19 18 German embryologist H.Spemann 1869, 194 1) discovered the emotional function in the development of tissue embryos and initiated the research of experimental embryology. 1938. Prize in physiology or medicine. The biochemical hill in Britain (1977 AVHill 1886) and the biochemist Meyerhof in Germany (O.Meyerhof, 1884 195 1 year) obtained 65432 in 1922. Canadian physiologist (FG Wanjin,18911941) Wanjin and his assistant treated diabetes with insulin and Wanjin's successful Best mcleod (JJRMacleod,1876,65438) in CHBest. Purification) directed mcleod to win the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Swedish physical chemist T. Svedberg (1884, 1976) invented the ultracentrifuge in 1923 to promote the research of biochemistry and molecular biology. German organizations, in 1924, 1955), and H.Rossenbeck, 1895+0895) designed the invention of the Fourgen reaction with stained nucleic acid, which has been used ever since. Biochemical forest leaves in the Soviet Union (A.иррн, 65438+). The Origin of Life, published in 1980), puts forward the chemical evolution hypothesis of the origin of life. 1925, German biochemist Meyerhof (O.Meyerhof, 1884- 195 1) discovered a group of enzymes extracted from muscle. Increase glycogen in muscle to lactic acid. In Britain and Lin Kai (D.Keilin 1963, 1887), the oxidative cellular respiration of cytochrome is decreased in biochemistry. 1926, British physiologist and pharmacologist dale (HHDale, 1875, 1926). Compounds that cause acetylcholine nerve impulses widely exist in nerve endings. The experiment of German physiologist O.Loewi (1873, 196 1 year) shows that the nerve stimulation of fans can produce substances similar to acetylcholine, which can slow down the beating of the heart. In 5438+0936, they jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1927 American geneticist Mahler (1890 HJMuller 1967) reported that the study of radiation genetics has laid a foundation from the artificial mutation experiment of Drosophila. 1946 nobel prize in physiology or medicine. The Soviet scholar Werner Dirk-Nowitzki (B.и). B ерндскии, 1863) published an ecological crisis entitled "Biosphere Reserve", which attracted people's attention. The microbiologist Fleming (A.Fleming 1955, 188 1 year) discovered the inhibitory effect of penicillin on bacteria. Qian Qian (Flory, Flory, 65438). 1898), 1906 to 1979), and the efficacy of penicillin has been proved by experiments and clinic. 1945, the three of them jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1929, German biochemist Chfiske (1999) won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. ) Sabarro (Y.SubbaRow 1948, 1896) and Rome (K.Lohmann, 1898? ), ATP separated from muscle extract. The chemical structure of ATP-sensitive potassium channels was clarified in Rome. American Department of Female Biochemistry, CFCORI (1896? ; Gtcori (1896 to 1957) found that glycogen, blood lactic acid, glycogen and blood sugar in muscle were transformed circularly in this process. Hauser of Argentina (1887 197 1 year) found that by controlling insulin production, the three of them jointly won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Androgen crystals extracted by German chemist butenandt (A.Butenandt, 1903). Dutch microbiologists found that VanNeil (CBvan Neil, 1897? The difference between bacterial photosynthesis and green plant photosynthesis is that the hydrogen donor is larger than water, but sodium thiosulfate, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen reduce organic matter. This discovery expanded the concept of photosynthesis. Anthropologist Fei (1904- 1983) found the first complete Peking man skull fossil in Zhoukoudian, Fangshan County, Beijing, southwest of China. Soviet chemist (Dalvin 1940, 1869), American nucleic acid can be divided into RNA and DNA. 1930 British statistician and geneticist Fisher (1890 Rafisher, 1962) published the Principles of Natural Selection, which is the first time to prove the relationship between mathematical forms of genetic theory of natural selection. Knohl (M.Knoll, 1897, 1969) and Lucas (E.Ruska, 1906). German physicists invented the electron microscope. German biochemists krebs (1900 HAKrebs, 198 1) and henwright (k.k. henslett1973, 1908), ornithine urea synthetic ring. Later, in krebs, the hypothesis of citric acid metabolic cycle was proved and should be made public. He and American biochemist Lipman (1899 FALipmann, 1986) expounded the three stages of sugar aerobic oxidation. For this reason, the two of them shared the 1953 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. 1933 howarth in England (N.Howorth 1950, 1883), the first Hungarian scholar to synthesize vitamin C (A.von Vincent Okey 1893). Oxidation process of succinic acid and fumaric acid. What is the reality of salivary gland cells of Drosophila larvae with giant chromosomes discovered by genetic painters (T.Painter, 1889, 1969)? Test materials to promote the study of cytogenetics. Norwegian biochemist Jia Fulin 1888 1973 In 65438, the mental retardation of patients with phenylketonuria is due to the lack of phenylalanine hydroxylase. 1935 American biochemist Stanley (WM Stanley19041971year) and so on, and confirmed that the virus was regenerated in cells. 1946, Stanley and JHNorthrop of sumner won the Nobel Prize in chemistry. German biochemists Meyerhof, Camden (G.Embden, 1874 1933) and panas (JKParnas 1949, 1933). And other glycolysis illustrate all the steps of 12. Therefore, glycolysis, also known as Meyerhof-Emden-Parnas pathway, was first used by Tansley (Agtansley18715438+0955), a British plant ecologist. What needs to be emphasized is the unified consideration of biology and environment. The artificial radionuclide phosphop32 in Hungarian radiochemical system, Lisu nationality in Weixi (GDHevesy 1966, 1885), and biochemical research. 1943 nobel prize in chemistry. Endless stickers. Read it yourself. It's different.