Ru Ci's firing technique originated in the middle of Tang Dynasty and reached its peak in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, which continues to this day.
20 1 1 On May 23rd, Ru Ci's firing technique was approved by the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC), and included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage, with the heritage number ⅷ- 189.
Basic introduction Chinese name: Ru Ci firing technology approval date: 2011May 23rd, non-legacy level: national heritage number: VIII- 189 heritage category: application area of traditional technology: Ruzhou City, Henan Province, historical origin, technological characteristics, technological process, raw materials, technology, heritage protection, etc. Ru Ci's firing technology can be roughly divided into five periods: First, the firing period, that is, the early Northern Song Dynasty, from the first year of Jianlong in Song Taizu (960) to the first year of Ganxing in Song Zhenzong (1022). During this period, its products were simple in shape and did not pay much attention to decoration, but the glaze was bright and moist, which had the basic characteristics of Ru Ci. The second is the development period, that is, from the first year of Tiansheng in Song Renzong (1023) to the eighth year of Yuanfeng in Song Shenzong (1085). The products of this period not only have diverse shapes, but also pay attention to decorative effect, with bright glaze, dense openings and unique features. 3. The heyday, that is, the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty, was from the first year of Yuan You in Song Zhezong (1086) to the seventh year of Xuanhe in Song Huizong (1 125). The products of this period were exquisite in craftsmanship, superior in skills and high in reputation, and were appreciated by the court in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the fourth period, firing technology spread among the people. During the confrontation between Song and Jin Dynasties, most of the Ruguan kilns stopped firing, and the firing technology of Ruguan porcelain spread to the people. The fifth period is the folk firing period in Ru Ci, that is, from the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to the present, the firing technique of Baofeng Ru Ci has been inherited, continued and developed among the people. After the founding of New China, in order to carry forward this national cultural heritage, the local * * * formed the Ru Ci firing technology research group, organized many folk visits to inspect the firing technology in Ru Ci, set up various types of Ru Ci production plants, and trained a large number of professional and technical personnel, which made the traditional Ru Ci firing technology glow again. Technological Features The traditional Ru Ci firing technology has four characteristics, which artists call "the four major production techniques". No ingredients: Ru Ci is very strict about the choice of materials and glazes. It must be kaolin, agate stone, gold soil, black clay and other raw materials within a certain range. Discoloration: Ru Ci adopts unique Zhi Ding combustion technology. Observing the change of the glaze in the kiln by fire, and controlling the temperature in the kiln with the change of the kiln, and then controlling the change of the glaze color of the product, is a unique technique in Ru Ci firing technology, and it is also the core feature of Ruzhou Ru Ci firing technique. This technique depends entirely on the observation and understanding of the kiln worker, and there is no specific and unified quantitative index. No crack: Generally, the glaze of porcelain is straight crack, while that of Ru Ci is oblique crack, which looks like the wings of flies and cicadas. It is by precisely controlling the temperature that craftsmen get the exquisite Ru Ci with crab claw pattern, pear skin pattern, roe pattern and ice crack. Ru Ci products fired by the traditional Ru Ci firing technology will show different colors and tones with the intensity of light, and the colors will show obvious differences with different sunny and cloudy days. The tiny bubbles accumulated under the glaze will show wonders under the microscope. Linru, Baofeng, Lushan and other places under the jurisdiction of Ruzhou are rich in clay and dense in trees. There are a lot of calcite, potash feldspar, feldspathic sandstone, pyrophyllite, fluorite, hard kaolin, soft kaolin and Yingshi in luoquan, Taogou and Liang Qing Temple in the southeast, and Duandian in Lushan Mountain, Fiona Fang, and hundreds of miles in Fiona Fang. The unique advantages of kaolin, timeliness and coal resources are the natural environment for Ru Ci to survive for generations. Craft quarrying → stone picking → stone washing → crushing → filtration → mud refining → manual blank drawing (die grouting) → blank drying → blank trimming → carving → plain firing (600℃-800℃)→ glazing (agate glaze) → glazed surface → dry in the shade → sagger loading → high temperature redox firing (600℃). Sky blue Ru Ci is fired in heavy reducing atmosphere and high temperature, pink Ru Ci is fired in medium non-atmosphere and slightly lower temperature, and bean green Ru Ci is fired in light reducing atmosphere and low temperature. Inheriting, Protecting and Inheriting Historical Value In history, the fine products fired by Ru kiln are all royal articles, which contain the cultural and artistic spirit of Tang and Song Dynasties and condense the scientific and technological level and ability of Tang and Song Dynasties. They rank among the five famous porcelains of Ru, Guan and Ding, and occupy an important position in the history of porcelain making in China. As a humanistic spirit, Ru Ci flourished in the Song Dynasty and was influenced by the mainstream aesthetic culture at that time. When creating, artists pursue the concepts of "harmony with nature, aversion to human will" and "natural freshness". The "natural and simple" shape and "elegant and elegant" glaze color conform to the aesthetic view of "harmony between man and nature", which embodies the cultural spirit of solemnity, simplicity, both form and spirit and natural harmony. Aesthetic Value Ru Ci's modeling is simple and dignified, rigorous and harmonious, elegant and subtle. Observing in the sun, the glaze has a ruddy feeling, and it will pass after the rain. The glaze bottom is like the stars in the sky, which is a perfect match, ingenious and artistic appeal. It makes people feel relaxed and attractive. In addition, there are few handed down products, which are rarely seen by ordinary people. Li Kuchan, an art master, once wrote that "the museums in the world are perfect without you", which is a description of its extremely high artistic aesthetic value. The scientific and technological value of Ru Ci is rare, not only because of its short firing time and few handed down products in history, but more importantly, its firing technology is difficult. In the firing process, it is not only closely related to the local climate, temperature, humidity, wind power, water and fuel at that time, but also how to grasp the viscosity and fluidity of glaze, the scientific principle of iron reduction and the crystallization process of thermal insulation and slow cooling directly affect the formation of Ru Ci celadon latex beads and the color of celadon glaze. This firing technology has made Ru Ci famous for thousands of years and has high scientific research value. Inheritor Wenli Zhu, male, born in September, 1950, is the representative inheritor of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Ruzhou City, Henan Province. The declared project is Ru Ci firing skills. Meng, female, born in June of 1942 1, is the representative inheritor of the fourth batch of national intangible cultural heritage projects declared by Ruzhou City, Henan Province. The declared project: firing skills. Protection Measures 2011On May 23rd, Ru Ci's firing technique was approved by the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) and included in the third batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. 20 17 Baofeng Ruyao Museum opens. On may 24th, 20 18, "Ru Ci firing technique" in baofeng county was listed in the first batch of national traditional craft revitalization catalogue. Social Impact Honorary Commendation 1984, Ru Ci's firing technology product-Ru Ci Tianlan Glaze Experimental Project won the Henan Science and Technology Progress Award. From 65438 to 0986, nine kinds of Ru Ci products produced by Ru Ci Arts and Crafts Factory in Linru County, such as Shuanglong Bottle, Inner Flower Bowl, Chicken Heart Bowl and Yuhuchun, won the "Golden Cup Award" at the third China Arts and Crafts "Hundred Flowers Award" judging meeting. 1986, Ru Ci 17 bean green glaze, a product fired in Ru Ci, won the Henan Science and Technology Progress Award.