[2] On April 30, 2009, the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Organization for Animal Health announced that they agreed to use influenza A (H 1N 1) to refer to the epidemic at that time, and no longer used the term "swine flu". China's health departments have renamed the people who were originally infected with swine flu as influenza A (H 1N 1). On April 30th, 2009, the Ministry of Health of China released adzuki beans and mung beans for people to drink soup.
60 grams of mung bean, 6 grams of raw licorice (wrapped in cloth) and 20 grams of raw coix seed are decocted in water and wrapped in licorice.
If the mouth and nose are dry, you can apply it with a cotton swab dipped in sesame oil, which has the effect of moistening dryness.
Drink more Banlangen at ordinary times: 65438+ 0~2 times a day (morning and evening).
Wash your hands with hand sanitizer. Avoid contact with eyes, nose and mouth. Wash your hands first if you need to touch them. If there is no hand washing equipment, you can wash your hands with an alcoholic disinfectant.
C. Spare tissues/handkerchiefs
Take a tissue/handkerchief. Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue/handkerchief when sneezing and coughing.
D. Spare personal effects
Don't share towels and personal belongings to avoid spreading diseases.
E. spare mask
You can wear a mask so that you/your team members can wear it when they have respiratory diseases.
F. Chopsticks and spoons
Eat with chopsticks and spoons, and don't share lunch boxes and drinks with others.
G. Healthy living
Continue to practice a healthy lifestyle during the tour, keep your body clean and don't smoke.
H. if you don't feel well
If you feel unwell, especially fever, you should inform the hotel and the tour leader/tour guide or relevant personnel;
Patients and their caregivers should wear masks immediately;
Arrange medical treatment as soon as possible;
Stay in the hotel room/room to rest, and temporarily terminate the trip until it is restored.
If a passenger is suspected or confirmed to be infected with swine flu by a local doctor, he/she needs to stay in a local hospital for further examination or treatment. If it is not necessary, his/her colleagues should reduce contact with patients and strictly abide by personal hygiene measures according to the instructions of local doctors. Colleagues should cooperate with the instructions of the local health and quarantine department to arrange the rest of the itinerary and necessary quarantine measures.
(3) After the journey.
If you have flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc. Within 2 weeks after returning to China, you should contact the local health and disease control department in time.
3. Entry personnel should:
(1) If you have flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc.) when you return from the epidemic area. ), should take the initiative to explain to the entry-exit inspection and quarantine institutions.
(2) If you have flu-like symptoms (fever, cough, runny nose, etc. Within 2 weeks after returning from the epidemic area, you should contact the local health and disease control department in time.
Three. Precautions for participants in public activities:
When participating in public activities, in order to prevent swine flu and other infectious diseases, it is recommended that the public pay attention to:
1. Before participating in the activity:
If you feel unwell, especially if you have a fever and/or symptoms of respiratory infection such as coughing and sneezing, don't go to the activity and seek medical advice as soon as possible.
Always keep your hands clean and wash your hands after touching public goods or facilities.
Carry a handkerchief or tissue with you.
2. During the activity:
Maintain good personal hygiene. Cover your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing, and then wash your hands with hand sanitizer immediately to prevent droplets from spreading bacteria.
Wash your hands before touching your eyes, mouth or nose, before eating and after going to the toilet.
Wash your hands with hand sanitizer, and then dry them with paper towels or drying equipment.
If there is no hand washing facility, disinfect your hands with hand sanitizer containing 65~95% alcohol.
Don't spit or litter. Sputum and saliva should be wrapped in paper towels and thrown into the trash can. Garbage should also be put in the trash can.
You shouldn't smoke.
3. After attending the activity:
Keep your hands clean.
Take a shower and wash your hair after you go home to remove dirt and bacteria.
Four, take public transport matters needing attention
1. Before there are no cases of swine flu infection in the local area:
(1) Keep the car/cabin clean.
Don't eat or drink in the carriage/cabin.
Do not smoke.
Don't spit everywhere.
Don't litter. Please put the rubbish into the dustbin in the station/platform/lobby.
If you need to vomit, you should use a vomit bag.
(2) Maintain good personal hygiene
Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth with your hands.
Cover your nose and mouth when sneezing or coughing.
If you have symptoms of respiratory infection or fever, you should seek medical advice as soon as possible.
(3) Wear a mask
People who take public transport should wear masks, especially:
People with symptoms of respiratory infection or fever;
People who need to take care of patients with respiratory infection or fever.
2. After a local case of swine flu infection:
In addition to the above measures, it is necessary to:
(1) Wear a mask
People who take public transport should wear masks, especially during busy hours when people are crowded; In a sealed carriage/cabin;
People with symptoms of respiratory infection or fever; And people who have had close contact with swine flu patients [1] should wear masks for ten consecutive days from the last contact date.
People who have social contact with swine flu patients can also wear masks.
(2) Keep the air circulation in the carriage/cabin.
If the window/ship window is open and closed, it should be opened properly to ensure the air circulation in the carriage/cabin.
(3) Ask for help
If you suspect that you have swine flu;
Please take an ambulance to the hospital;
If you are at the station or dock, or have been in the carriage/cabin, you can ask the driver or the staff of the transportation agency to help summon an ambulance or marine police to the hospital for treatment.
Note [1]: Close contact refers to taking care of the patient, living with the patient, or directly contacting the respiratory secretions or body fluids of the patient.
Precautions [2]: Socialization refers to ordinary meeting, that is, not taking care of the patient, not living with the patient, and not having direct contact with the patient's secretions or body fluids.
Five, the correct way to wash your hands
Maintaining hand hygiene is the first condition to prevent infectious diseases. Hand hygiene can be maintained by thoroughly washing hands with hand sanitizer or disinfecting hands with alcohol hand sanitizer.
1 When should I wash my hands?
(1) Before touching eyes, nose and mouth
(2) Before eating and handling food
(3) After going to the toilet
(4) When the hand is divided by the respiratory tract? When things are polluted, such as sneezing and coughing.
(5) After touching public objects, such as elevator handrails, elevator buttons, door handles, etc.
(6) After changing diapers for infants or patients, and after handling contaminated objects.
(7) Before and after visiting hospitals and farms
(8) After contact with animals or poultry
In general, when there is obvious dirt on your hands or may be contaminated by body fluids, such as going to the toilet or changing diapers, sneezing and coughing, you should use hand sanitizer (soap) and clean water to wash your hands. If there is no obvious dirt on your hands, you can disinfect your hands with a hand wipe containing 70-80% alcohol.
2, the correct hand washing steps:
Wash your hands with hand sanitizer, the procedure is as follows:
(1) Turn on the tap and wash your hands.
(2) Add hand sanitizer and wipe off the foam by hand.
(3) Rub the palm, back of hand, finger gap, back of finger, thumb, fingertip and wrist for at least 20 seconds, and do not flush when rubbing.
(4) Wash your hands thoroughly with clean water after washing your hands.
(5) Dry your hands thoroughly with a clean towel or paper towel, or dry your hands with a hand dryer.
(6) After washing your hands? To touch the faucet directly, you can wrap the faucet with toilet paper before turning it off; Or splash water to clean the faucet.
3. Note:
(1) Never share towels or tissues with others.
(2) The wiped paper towels should be properly discarded after use.
(3) Personal towels should be properly placed and thoroughly cleaned at least once a day. It would be more ideal if multiple towels could be prepared and changed frequently.
4. Disinfect your hands with alcohol hand lotion. The process is as follows:
Pour enough alcohol hand rubbing liquid into the palm, and then rub the palm, back of hand, gap between fingers, back of fingers, thumb, fingertips and wrist for at least 20 seconds until the hands are dry.
Six, the correct use of masks
Precautions for wearing surgical masks (you must wash your hands before wearing masks and before and after taking them off):
1, make the mask close to the face:
(1) The colored side of the mask is outward, and the side with the metal sheet is upward;
(2) Fasten the rope for fixing the mask, or wrap the rubber band of the mask around the ear to make the mask close to the face;
(3) The mask should completely cover the nose, mouth and chin;
(4) Press the metal sheet on the mask tightly along both sides of the bridge of the nose to make the mask close to the face.
2. After wearing a mask, avoid touching the mask to prevent the protection from decreasing; If you must touch the mask, wash your hands thoroughly before and after contact.
3. When taking off the mask, try to avoid touching the outward part of the mask, because this part may be contaminated by germs.
4. After taking off the mask, wrap it with adhesive tape or paper bag, and then put it in a covered trash can for disposal.
5. Surgical masks should be replaced at least once a day. If the mask is damaged or dirty, it should be replaced immediately.
Frequently asked questions about swine flu
1. Is pork contagious?
The virus currently monitored is a mixture of gene fragments of avian influenza, human influenza and swine influenza virus. All patients have no contact history with pigs, and this new mutant virus has not been isolated from pigs. A(H 1N 1) influenza virus is afraid of high temperature. When pork is heated to 7 1 celsius, it can kill swine flu virus.
2. Will influenza A (swine flu) virus H 1N 1 spread from person to person?
At present, it has been confirmed that there are human-to-human cases of influenza A (swine flu) virus H 1N 1, and its transmission route is similar to seasonal influenza, usually through coughing and sneezing of infected people.
3. What are the characteristics of this influenza A (swine flu) epidemic?
First, the epidemic was caused by a new variant of swine flu virus, which is widely susceptible and has caused transnational and transcontinental spread. Second, there have been cases of human-to-human transmission. Third, there are many serious cases and deaths in Mexico. Fourth, flu patients can detoxify the day before the onset. Some people do not get sick after infection, but they are still contagious, and the proportion of recessive infection is quite high.
4. What are the symptoms of influenza A H 1N 1 (swine flu)?
The symptoms of influenza A H 1N 1 (swine flu) are similar to those of other influenza, such as high fever, cough, fatigue and anorexia. Another report said that the cases found in the United States were mainly characterized by sudden fever, cough, muscle pain and fatigue, and some of them also had diarrhea and vomiting; Mexico has also found symptoms such as red eyes, headache and runny nose.
5. Why is it called "Influenza A H 1N 1 (swine flu)" in China?
WHO announced that from April 30th, it began to use "influenza A (H 1N 1)" instead of "swine flu" to refer to the current epidemic. According to the convention expressed in domestic Chinese, it is called "Influenza A H 1N 1".
6. Is Mexican influenza A H 1N 1 (swine flu) the same as American influenza A H 1N 1 (swine flu)?
Influenza A virus H 1N 1 in Mexico and the United States are both A/H 1N 1, which is a new mutant virus and a mixture of human influenza virus, avian influenza virus in North America and swine influenza virus in North America, Europe and Asia.
7. Is there a vaccine for influenza A (swine flu) H 1N 1?
At present, there is only an anti-swine influenza vaccine for pigs, but it has not been specially used for humans. As far as the current situation is concerned, the common anti-influenza vaccine has no obvious effect on human resistance to influenza A (swine flu).
8. What preventive measures are there?
Influenza virus is mainly transmitted through air and contact. Cover your nose and mouth when coughing or sneezing. Qin Ying washes his hands and often disinfects daily necessities with alcohol. In addition, "getting together" in crowded places is also an effective way to reduce the probability of infection. Once infected, patients should try to avoid going out to prevent the virus from spreading to others.
9. Is there any specific medicine to treat people infected with influenza A (swine flu) H 1N 1?
According to the current experts' understanding, this new influenza A virus (swine flu) H 1N 1 is sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors and effective in clinical treatment.
At present, there is no specific drug for influenza A (swine flu) (H 1N 1). The key is to strengthen feeding management, such as keeping warm and preventing thieves from invading: providing enough clean drinking water; Pay attention to balanced nutrition and supplement vitamins and trace elements. , improve the resistance of pigs; Chinese herbal medicine can be used for adjuvant treatment when necessary.
Relationship between
What's the relationship between flu and cold? What is the relationship between influenza and human avian influenza and influenza A H 1N 1?
Influenza and common cold are acute respiratory infectious diseases, both of which are easy to occur in winter, and both have different degrees of fever and respiratory symptoms, but they are completely different diseases.
The pathogen of the common cold may be virus, more commonly bacteria, so the common cold may occur all year round. Influenza is caused by influenza virus, which mainly occurs in winter and spring. Once it happens, it often causes outbreaks or epidemics.
The most important difference between the two is the different harm. If there are no complications, the common cold can heal itself within 1 week, rarely endangering life safety. Influenza will lead to many serious complications such as pneumonia, which will increase the mortality rate.
Influenza viruses are divided into three types: A, B and C. Among them, A virus often causes influenza epidemic, B virus often causes localized epidemic, and C virus generally only causes sporadic epidemic.
The antigenicity and pathogenicity of influenza virus are easy to mutate. When a new subtype appears, it is easy to cause an epidemic because people lack immunity.
Human avian influenza is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by some strains of certain subtypes of avian influenza A virus. In recent years, H5N 1 human avian influenza has occurred in some places, which has attracted worldwide attention.
The virus that caused this epidemic in Mexico and the United States is influenza A virus, subtype H 1N 1 swine flu virus strain, which contains gene fragments of swine flu, avian flu and human flu. This is a new influenza virus, which can infect people.
[Edit this paragraph] The Ministry of Health announced the influenza A H 1N 1 monitoring plan.
In order to find, report and diagnose cases of influenza A (H 1N 1) at an early stage and monitor the changing trend of influenza A (H 1N 1) for a long time, the Ministry of Health has recently formulated and published "Influenza A (First Edition)".
According to the monitoring plan, the case monitoring of influenza A (swine flu) is mainly applicable to imported sporadic cases of influenza A (swine flu) in China. Imported cases lead to limited local transmission in China, but there has not been sustained human-to-human transmission and community-based epidemic and outbreak.
According to the monitoring plan, disease prevention and control institutions and medical institutions should report suspected cases and confirmed cases through the national disease monitoring information reporting management system within 2 hours after discovery. Medical institutions that do not have the conditions for direct online reporting should report to the local county-level disease prevention and control institutions in the fastest communication mode within 2 hours.
When port, airport, railway disease prevention and control institutions and frontier health and quarantine organs find suspected cases and confirmed cases that meet the definition of cases, they shall immediately report to the disease prevention and control institutions or health administrative departments where the frontier ports are located and notify each other.
The monitoring plan pointed out that under the condition of personal protection, the cases should be transferred to local designated hospitals for isolation treatment as soon as possible. After receiving the case report, disease prevention and control institutions at all levels should conduct epidemiological investigation on the case as soon as possible, and collect the clinical data of the case according to the progress of the patient's condition and the deepening of epidemiological investigation, including course records, doctor's orders, laboratory examination results, etc. , report the updated survey results and data at any time, and put forward corresponding prevention and control suggestions.
The monitoring plan also introduces in detail the collection, detection and inspection of case specimens, case investigation, correction, test result report and feedback.
[Edit this paragraph] Influenza A H 1N 1 Diagnosis and treatment plan
(First trial version in 2009)
In March 2009, an outbreak of "human swine flu" occurred in Mexico, causing death. On April 30th, the World Health Organization (hereinafter referred to as WHO) announced that it would raise the alert level of influenza epidemic to level 5. It is found that the pathogen of this epidemic is a novel influenza A virus H 1N 1, which contains gene fragments of swine flu, avian flu and human flu, and can spread from person to person. Who initially called this influenza epidemic "human infected with swine flu", but with the in-depth understanding of the nature of the epidemic, it has been renamed "influenza A H 1N 1". On April 30th, China's Ministry of Health announced that it was listed as a Class B infectious disease under the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases, and preventive and control measures were taken according to Class A infectious diseases.
According to the information currently available, influenza A (H 1N 1) is an acute respiratory infectious disease caused by a new variant of influenza A (H 1N 1) virus. Through droplets, aerosols, direct contact or indirect contact, the main clinical manifestations are flu-like symptoms. A few cases are serious and progress rapidly, which may lead to viral pneumonia, respiratory failure and multiple organ dysfunction, and even death in severe cases. As this influenza A (H 1N 1) is a new disease, its characteristics need to be further observed and summarized.
I. Etiology
Influenza A virus (H 1N 1) belongs to 0 Orthoviridae and influenza A virus. The typical virus particles are spherical, with a diameter of 80nm- 120nm and an envelope. There are many prominent glycoproteins in the envelope, which are hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA) and matrix protein M2. The virus particles are nucleocapsids, which are spirally symmetrical and have a diameter of 65438 00 nm. It is a single-stranded negative-strand RNA virus with a genome of about 13.6kb, which consists of eight independent fragments with different sizes. The virus is sensitive to ethanol, iodophor and iodine. Sensitive to heat, it can be inactivated at 56℃ for 30 minutes.
Second, epidemiology.
As of May 12, 2009 at 8: 00 Beijing time, there were 237 1 case of influenza A (H 1N 1) in 24 countries and regions around the world, which were distributed in America, Europe, Oceania and Asia. Among them, Mexico diagnosed 1626 cases, and 48 cases died. In the United States, 2,532 cases were diagnosed and 3 cases died. Confirmed cases in Chinese mainland and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 1 case. No deaths were reported in other countries and regions except Mexico, Costa Rica, Canada and the United States.
(1) source of infection.
Patients with influenza A H 1N 1 are the main source of infection. Although influenza A virus H 1N 1 was found in pigs, there was no evidence that animals were the source of infection.
(2) means of communication.
It is mainly transmitted by droplets or aerosols in the respiratory tract, but it is also transmitted by direct or indirect contact with mucous membranes of the mouth, nose and eyes. Contact with patients' respiratory secretions, body fluids and items contaminated by viruses may also cause transmission.
(3) susceptible population.
People are generally susceptible.
Three, clinical manifestations and auxiliary examination
The incubation period is usually 1-7 days, mostly 1-4 days.
(1) Clinical manifestations.
It shows flu-like symptoms, including fever (axillary temperature ≥37.5℃), runny nose, stuffy nose, sore throat, cough, headache, myalgia, fatigue, vomiting and/or diarrhea.
Complications such as pneumonia may occur. A few cases progress rapidly, with respiratory failure, multiple organ dysfunction or failure.
The patient's original underlying disease can also be aggravated.
(2) Laboratory inspection.
1. Peripheral blood picture: The total number of white blood cells is generally neither high nor low.
2. Etiological examination
(1) Detection of virus nucleic acid: The influenza virus nucleic acid A (H 1N 1) in respiratory tract samples (throat swab, mouthwash, nasopharyngeal or tracheal extract and sputum) was detected by RT-PCR, and the result was positive.
(2) Virus isolation: Influenza A virus H 1N 1 can be isolated from respiratory specimens. When complicated with viral pneumonia, the virus can also be isolated from lung tissue.
3. Serological examination: The level of specific neutralizing antibody against influenza A virus (H 1N 1) in serum increased by 4 times or more.
(3) Other auxiliary inspections.
Chest imaging and other examinations can be performed according to the condition. When pneumonia is complicated, patchy inflammatory infiltration can be seen in the lungs.
Fourth, diagnosis
The diagnosis of this disease is mainly combined with epidemiological history, clinical manifestations and etiological examination. Early detection and diagnosis is the key to prevention and treatment.
(1) Suspected case.