History says "Wuling Shan Zhinan, before Li Tang, famous cultural relics were far away in the Central Plains" [33], and one of the important reasons is the inconvenient traffic. This situation has changed since Zhang Jiuling opened a new road in Daqingshan in the Tang Dynasty. Since then, Dagengling Road has become the traffic trunk line in northern Guangdong. In addition, the rise of Guangzhou as a world trade giant in the Tang Dynasty was also the starting point of "Guangzhou's sea diversion". Since the opening of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty, the traffic between the south and the north of Wuling has been improved, and the hinterland of Guangzhou Port has been expanded, which has promoted the flow of materials and population and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. Lingnan culture has been nourished, absorbed new nutrients, developed continuously but unevenly on the basis of the accumulation of the previous generation, and changed the cultural pattern and landscape in the past.
First, the cultural integration of Chinese and slang has deepened.
Cultural formation and national integration are inseparable. As a result of the climax of immigration in the Six Dynasties, the proportion of Han population in Lingnan increased significantly. Coupled with the efforts of the above-mentioned wives, the cultural integration of Chinese and slang has become more rapid, extensive and profound under the impetus of the powerful feudal political and economic forces in Sui and Tang Dynasties. For example, the number of Han Chinese who moved to Hainan was 20,000 before the Tang Dynasty, and it increased to 70,000 in the Tang Dynasty. The distribution area has also gradually expanded from the northern coast of the island to the south and southeast, which are relatively remote, develop late and have serious diseases. In the past, Han was in the north and slang was in the south. The completion of the construction around the island has formed the distribution pattern of Chinese and slang, which shows that some slang people have been sinicized. In areas where Han and Li languages live together, the production level of agriculture and handicrafts has been significantly improved. Not only many local products on the island were imported into the Central Plains as "tributes", but also the products produced were exquisite. Qiongshan County was in charge of Wei Gonggan, driving away Li slaves to "weave flowers and practice yarn", making horns, melting and forging gold and silver, making furniture and big ships out of precious wood, and transporting them to Guangzhou for sale. This shows that China culture has been mastered by more and more slang people, otherwise there would be no such craft production. Leizhou, another settlement of Li nationality, also moved a group of residents from southern Fujian in the Tang Dynasty to strengthen the ranks of Han people and further develop Leizhou Peninsula. Examples of ethnic migration and ethnic integration like this essentially reflect that China culture is becoming more and more dominant, and the boundary between Chinese and slang culture is gradually disappearing here. Slang people also have a group of intellectuals who have mastered China culture. For example, in the seventh year of Zhenguan (633), Emperor Taizong gave a banquet at Weiyang Palace in the Han Dynasty, and ordered the Turk Khan to dance and the Naman chief Feng Dai to recite poems. The Yuehu family has not had,,, [35] since ancient times. Here you are. The calendar of elegant events has been handed down as a story of slang localization.
Second, the contribution of Xinjiang culture
The spread of Chinese culture in Lingnan is not only carried by a large number of immigrants, but also the role of personal history cannot be underestimated. In the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan was still a depressed and alienated place in the eyes of Central Plains people, so it became a place for the court to deal with political enemies and criminals. Many people who lost in the party struggle were demoted again and again, and finally they all went to Lingnan. Many of them are knowledgeable politicians or intellectuals. After they came to Lingnan, they devoted themselves to spreading Central Plains culture and promoting the development of local culture. This China culture, which aims at developing backward areas and spreads in sleeping areas, is called "Kaijiang culture". Of course, the cultural consequences of Qin and Han Dynasties marching into Lingnan can be said to be the beginning of Xinjiang culture in Lingnan. The culture of opening Xinjiang in Tang Dynasty entered an important stage in Lingnan, in which the floating figures played a great role. These figures are all famous figures between Du and Song. Li Deyu, Han Yu, Liu Yuxi, Li Zongqin, Yang Sifu, Wang, Han Yuan, Wei, Li Xiaoyi, Wei Zhiyi and Jing Hui. , have their own achievements. For example, Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou, where he drove away crocodiles, liberated handmaiden, opened schools to promote education, corrected local accent, and promoted the change of Chaozhou atmosphere. Han Jiang, Han Shan, Han Wengong Temple, Han Pavilion, Si Gongpai, etc. Named in memory of Han Yu, it witnessed the rooting of Central Plains culture in Chaozhou. In the Tang Dynasty, there were Tong Pingzhang, Niu Monk-ru, the minister of war, and Li, a famous poet, who also played a certain role in Huizhou's cultural construction. There were many high-ranking officials who demoted Hainan in the Tang Dynasty, and Li Deyu was one of them. Li was successively demoted to Chaozhou and Yazhou (now Qiongshan County). In adversity, he did not forget to write. In Yazhou Urban Pavilion, there is a folk legend that his descendants became Li people. As a celebrity, he has been commemorated and praised by Hainan people for thousands of years, which is inseparable from his contribution to Hainan's cultural development during his lifetime.
Three. Overseas cultural immigrants
Guangdong is the first transportation hub between China and overseas. Since the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Maritime Silk Road, which set sail from Xuwen and Hepu Port, has been very prosperous, and it is inevitable that overseas cultural fakes will be introduced into Lingnan. Before the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan culture was in its formative stage, and it was easier to accept foreign heterogeneous culture and make it a part of itself. This is also a reason for the diversity of Lingnan culture. During the Qin and Han dynasties, some native products of Xiangyu were collected from the surrounding areas and ethnic groups in the South China Sea, including incense, glass and crystals. Biography of Huo Zhi and Pepper Book? Geography records the grand occasion of Fanchang and overseas traffic. It can be said that this is the beginning of written overseas culture entering Lingnan. According to research, the earliest cotton planted in Hainan Island of China in the early Han Dynasty was introduced to Vietnam from India [36]. As for China officials, businessmen and envoys going out to communicate, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia have paid tribute to China for rare goods. After the founding of New China, a number of Han tombs were excavated in Guangzhou. In addition to the above items, there are many Tao Yong men and women holding lanterns. Their ethnographic features and costumes are different from those of Han nationality and local Vietnamese, and they may come from Southeast Asia, West Asia or East Africa [37]. This kind of Tao Yong is also found in Xuwen, Hepu, Guixian and Wuzhou. From the point of view that culture mainly depends on the spread of immigrants, regardless of the true identity of these Taoyong people, this can be regarded as evidence of the introduction of overseas culture. But only in the Tang Dynasty, with the development of maritime traffic, more national cultures from foreign countries moved into Lingnan, which greatly enriched the cultural connotation of Lingnan. This mainly includes Buddhism and Islamic culture, crop varieties, special materials, utensils and so on. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan produced various ceramic products, tiles, tiles, masonry and other building materials, many of which were attached with sitting Buddha or lotus petals. Buddhist temples, towers, sculptures and other buildings have sprung up in large numbers, and bodhi trees and peach trees related to the introduction of Buddhism have also settled in Lingnan. Islamic mosques, pagodas and Islamic workshops have appeared in Guangzhou. Psoralea corylifolia, a famous Islamic tonic, was also introduced with other imported products. There are also many people who wear strange clothes, such as "nickel ears and chest piercing", who also travel to and from various traffic avenues and rest in which inn. Only in Lingnan, it is more likely that such a foreign cultural landscape will appear.
Fourth, the contrast of cultural development.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the social development of Lingnan was still unbalanced, with developed advanced areas and backward areas coexisting, and some advanced economic strongholds were surrounded by large areas of wild areas. The core of this regional development is also manifested in culture, which formed a huge regional contrast and became an important feature of Lingnan cultural development in this period.
With the opening of Dagengling Road, "talents will come out from the south of Wuling, goods will pass through, the voice of the Central Plains will be near, and customs will be new" [39]. This is the result of the southward migration of Central Plains culture along the traffic line. It mainly includes parts of northern Guangdong, Xijiang River and Pearl River Delta, where the area of slash-and-burn water mats has decreased. In the 9th century, Arabian geographer Ibn Kaul Dabei listed four major commercial ports in China at that time, including Guangfu (Guangzhou). These areas produce fruit. Vegetables, rice, barley and sugarcane have gradually kept pace with the development of agriculture in the Central Plains. The produced ceramics have colorful glaze; Fiber fabrics such as kudzu, hemp, banana, bamboo and cotton are unique and cherished by people in the Central Plains, and most of them show off themselves. There are many kinds of wine, among which litchi wine is one of the treasures, praised by the poet Bai Juyi; Cities and towns in these areas are also booming. Guangzhou used to be called "the city of thatch". In the Tang and Song Dynasties, Jing was appointed as the governor of Guangzhou. "Biography of Song Jing" said that the Song and Yuan Dynasties "taught pottery tile blocks and listed their names" instead of thatched houses, and introduced the architectural culture of the Central Plains to Lingnan. There are many towns in the Pearl River Delta, such as Jinli, Longjiang, Rongqi, Guizhou, Huanglian, Beishui, Ma Qi, Xiangshan and Qingqi. As a cultural landscape, the market is also formed in it. When Huineng preached Shaozhou, Buddhist culture flourished. During the Tianbao period of the Tang Dynasty, "31,000 people were born in Shaozhou, 3,700 lost to Li Temple, and more than 400 built temples" [40], that is, there were 65,438 +0 temples in less than 65,438 households. It can be seen that the cultural tone of such areas is very strong, which is of course the result of cultural exchanges at home and abroad. On the other hand, Hainan's coastal lowlands, Dongjiang River, Hanjiang River basin and Wuzhishan area are either rich in wild animals, infested with wild elephants and crocodiles, or inhabited by Buchuan slang people. Many local chronicles have said that "from the mountain to more than 20 counties in the south, there are many diseases underground, and people especially die ... it is an old wind" [42], and indigenous culture still has certain advantages. This regional contrast just shows that various components of Lingnan culture are still in fierce collision and integration.
I. Lingnan
Lingnan, located at the southernmost tip of China, is located on the southern border of China and on both sides of the Tropic of Cancer. It belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, and it is the general name of the area south of the five mountain ranges in southern China (Dageng Ridge, Qitianling, Dupang Ridge, Mengzhuling and Yuechengling). It borders the South China Sea in the south, Yunnan and Guizhou in the west and Fujian in the east.
Lingnan has beautiful mountains and rivers, green mountains and green waters, and faces the sea. The environment and scenery are unique, the climate is hot and humid, and flowers bloom all year round.
Second, Lingnan culture.
What is Lingnan culture? First of all, Lingnan culture, as a geographical and political concept, is closely linked, with the culture created by Lingnan people in Lingnan area as the main body. Lingnan culture can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Lingnan culture in a narrow sense was formed in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, represented by the formation of three major Lingnan cultures. As a result, Lingnan culture really has its own independent style and spirit, which is different from southern culture.
After the formation of Lingnan culture, it developed in an all-round way in politics, philosophy, scholarship, art, economy, craft and social life, and reached its peak in the late Qing Dynasty.
The reform and opening up and rapid economic development provided conditions for the rise of local culture, which began to revive. In this trend, Lingnan culture develops most rapidly. In 1970s and 1980s, Hong Kong entered the new cultural period, and the soaring economy combined with Guangdong culture and Guangdong lifestyle with Lingnan style formed the modern stage of Lingnan culture.
The important position of Lingnan culture is first manifested in handicraft industry. In the mid-Qing Dynasty, the silk industry in Lingnan rose rapidly. There are tens of thousands of textile workers in Guangzhou and Foshan, whose quality surpasses that of Jiangnan, and "Jinling and Suzhou and Hangzhou are inferior", which is known as "Guangsha is the best in the world". Guangzhou's mahogany furniture, together with "Jing Zuo" and "Su Zuo", is called the three major furniture schools. Guangzhou Bell in Qing Dynasty is the most important craft masterpiece of Qing Palace.
In terms of arts and crafts, Lingnan culture began to brew and grow in the Ming Dynasty, and by the end of the Qing Dynasty, Lingnan arts and crafts began to improve and formed an independent style and system. Guang Cai originated from Guangzhou folk painting in Ming Dynasty and flourished in Shiwan micro-sculpture in Qing Dynasty. It was a famous masterpiece at that time. Guangzhou tooth carving, Guangzhou embroidery and gold and silver handicrafts are well-known at home and abroad.
Lingnan culture is the forerunner of modern political, ideological and cultural revolution and development in China. From Hong Xiuquan's Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement to the National Revolution led by Sun Yat-sen, Lingnan culture has always been the main leader of China culture and the main driving force and leader of China's modern political revolution. Therefore, the essence of Lingnan cultural spirit is fighting spirit, revolutionary spirit and innovative spirit.
It is precisely because of the advanced and innovative nature of Lingnan culture that it has successively created its own fusion, such as Lingnan painting school, Lingnan garden, Lingnan drama, Lingnan architecture and so on.
Three. Lingnan architecture and decoration
Lingnan architecture and its decoration are a wonderful flower in the architecture forest of China. For thousands of years, through the hard work of architects of past dynasties, it has made full use of the natural resources in southern China and combined with the living characteristics of people in southern China to form a unique architectural art, which occupies an important position in the architectural forest of China. It is displayed in the southern land in a concise, simple, transparent and elegant style.
1, the formation of Lingnan architectural decoration
Lingnan architectural decoration forms its own unique style, which is closely related to local geography, environment, climate, people's living habits, economic conditions and cultural literacy. Unique natural environment, mild climate all year round, spring-like all year round. The air is humid and rainy, the plants are lush, the flowers bloom in all seasons, and the environment is fresh and beautiful; Because of the climate, people like outdoor environment and activities; Close to overseas, influenced by foreign culture and ideas quickly. There are abundant products here, and all kinds of building decoration materials are varied. Due to the influence of various factors, it has gradually formed a unique architectural decoration style, which fully shows the climate, habits, materials, environment, economy and culture here. Lingnan architecture is characterized by heat insulation, shading and ventilation; The top of the building is often made into a multi-storey sloping roof; The facade color is mainly dark gray and light color; And the use of square columns.
2. Features of Lingnan architectural decoration
Lingnan architecture and decoration space organization is relatively free, without special procedures and strict vertical symmetry. Relying on topography and scenery, the indoor and outdoor spaces are organized by corridors, and the architectural spaces with different facades, different scales and different functions are organically combined into an organic whole, forming a building complex with winding paths, fountains and pools, rockeries and rocks, scattered and orderly space organization. The layout and decoration style of the building are very free and natural. Due to the mild climate, people's activity space moves outward, so open spaces such as terraces, corridors and halls are fully arranged, which makes people move from the closed indoor environment to nature and forms the characteristics of free, smooth and open architectural decoration space in Lingnan.
Fourthly, Lingnan Garden.
Lingnan gardens are mainly rooted in the people, and the landscape composition is properly handled according to the needs of life content. All kinds of facilities are realistic and efficient, obeying people's wishes. The ancient landscape architects in Lingnan integrated the multicultural category and absorbed the landscape art from the north, south and abroad flexibly, making the landscape layout free and eclectic.
Lingnan gardens have distinct characteristics: first, they are light and transparent, simple and compact; Second, the decoration is exquisite and gorgeous, and a large number of folk crafts such as wood carving, brick carving, ceramics and gray plastic are used. Door and window grids, flower covers, leaking windows, etc. They are all carefully carved and then set with colored glass to make patterns. Under the influence of color light and shadow, they are like delicate cotton weaving. Thirdly, the layout form and local components are influenced by western architectural culture. For example, the Romanesque arched doors and windows and baroque capitals used in traditional buildings in China, the regular pool built with strips of stone and the cast iron flower stand arranged outside the hall all reflect the Lingnan cultural characteristics of compatibility between China and the West. Seeking truth from facts, exquisite and beautiful.
Lingnan culture is an important part of Chinese excellent culture. Geographically, Lingnan culture can be divided into three parts: Pearl River culture, Guangxi culture and Hainan culture, with Guangfu culture, Chaoshan culture and Hakka culture as the main body of Lingnan culture. Among them, Guangfu culture in Cantonese dialect area, that is, Cantonese classical cultural area, especially Guangfu culture in modern times, is a typical representative of Lingnan culture. As the center of Guangfu culture and Lingnan culture, Guangzhou has a long history. From the Neolithic Age four or five thousand years ago, before the city was built, there was Baiyue culture, and after the city was built, there was a fusion of Chinese and Vietnamese cultures and Chinese and Western cultures, which constantly formed its own unique style and distinctive regional cultural characteristics. From archaeological relics to documentary records, from ancient cultural relics, architectural culture, folk culture, garden culture, commercial culture, religious culture to various cultures and arts, there is an open humanistic consciousness, especially the consciousness of change, business, pragmatism and common people, which embodies the open, compatible and reform concepts of Guangzhou people. Traditional culture and arts, from Cantonese, Cantonese opera, Guangdong music, Guangdong Quyi, Lingnan calligraphy, Lingnan painting school, Lingnan poetry, Lingnan architecture, Lingnan bonsai and Lingnan crafts to Lingnan folk customs and Lingnan food culture, all reflect the rich connotation and unique and colorful local characteristics of Lingnan culture. Starting from the history of Lingnan civilization, Guangzhou has been the political, economic and cultural center of Lingnan area for thousands of years and is the representative of Lingnan culture.
Guangzhou's culture and arts, including literature, drama, film and television, music, calligraphy and painting, folk crafts, garden architecture, etc., all have strong Lingnan regional cultural characteristics. Among them, Cantonese opera, Guangdong music and Lingnan painting school, Lingnan architecture, Lingnan gardens and Lingnan crafts are typical representatives of Lingnan cultural styles and schools.
Cantonese opera is the most representative local opera in Guangzhou and enjoys the reputation of "Southern Red Bean". Cantonese opera is popular in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao, and is often performed in Southeast Asia, Europe, America, Australia and other areas where overseas Chinese live in concentrated communities. Cantonese opera is a kind of drama in the north, which is mainly composed of Geyang, Kunqu, Huiban, Xiangban and Guangdong local folk tunes, such as Nanyin, Yuefu, Muyu and Dragon Boat. Bangzi, Huang Er and Xipi are the main accents. The main characteristics of Cantonese opera are inclusiveness, easy to understand and beautiful music.
Guangdong music, also known as Cantonese music, is a bright pearl in China folk music. Guangdong music originated in Guangzhou and the Pearl River Delta. It is a kind of folk music that absorbs the essence of ancient music in the Central Plains, Jiangnan minor and Kunqu opera, and combines with local folk songs. Like Cantonese opera, it also has obvious fusion characteristics. Guangdong music is not only loved by Cantonese people, but also by people all over the country and even foreigners because of its melodious tunes. Therefore, there has always been a saying that "where there are overseas Chinese, there is a Guangdong music bosom friend". Among them, famous Guangdong music songs, such as "Step by Step", "Rain Beats Banana" and "Autumn Moon in Pinghu", have become well-known classics in the music world and are often played in various concerts.
Lingnan Painting School is one of the modern painting schools in China, which was founded by three Lingnan Painting School masters, Gao, Xiong and Chen. In his early years, he lived with flowers and birds and studied in Japan. Later, on the basis of Chinese painting, they merged Japanese and western painting methods, created their own style, paid attention to sketching, painted more Lingnan scenery, and learned a lot, so they were called Lingnan Painting School. Lingnan School of Painting was born with the rise of modern national and democratic consciousness in China, and it has the innovative spirit of the times. It is an reformist school of Chinese painting. Gao, Chen and Chen, the founders of Lingnan School of Painting, all followed Dr. Sun Yat-sen in his early years for revolution. The second generation of Lingnan School of Painting. Contemporary painters such as Zhao Shaoang, Guan Shanyue, Li Xiongcai and Yang Shanshen have inherited and developed the fine traditions and styles of Lingnan School, created a large number of excellent works and trained a large number of talents.
Guangdiao, Guang Cai and Guangxiu are Lingnan folk arts and crafts which are well-known at home and abroad.