Chinese name: Latin scientific name of bitter gourd: sweet potato, king melon, bitter gourd lotus, duck egg melon kingdom: plant kingdom: Angiosperm class: Dicotyledonous plant class: Cucurbitaceae: Cucurbitaceae genus: bitter gourd species: morphological characteristics, growth environment, distribution range, cultivation techniques, suitable seedling raising, site selection, field management, pest control and timely harvesting. Root fertilizer, rectangular or Ling Xing, with longitudinal stripes, yellow and white, several clusters clustered at the base of rhizome. The stem is 2-5 meters long, thin and shallow leaves alternate, palmately shaped, with 3-5 shallow lobes and irregular shallow teeth at the edge. In summer, the axils of leaves are single-petalled white flowers, and the fruits are oval and yellow-red. Branches are luxuriant, vines have tendrils and fine hairs, and they can climb. The whole plant has a special taste, which is shorter than ordinary bitter gourd. Melons and fruits are oval, with sharp mouths at the end, warty protrusions and soft spines on the surface, immature skins are dark green and mature skins are orange. Growing environment was born in fertile and humid areas of Shan Ye, in valleys or forests by streams at an altitude of 400-500m. Widely distributed in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions, widely distributed in China, found in Fujian, Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and other places. The cultivation technology of bitter gourd not only has the function of ornamental greening and beautification, but also has the effect of clearing liver and reducing fire because of its unique taste. Bitter cold, little poison. It can clear away heat and toxic materials and induce diuresis. Bitter gourd is very popular with customers because of its small size (only about 30 g per melon) and beautiful appearance. According to the determination, the dry matter content of bitter gourd is 92.2%, which is higher than that of common bitter gourd 1% ~ 2%. The content of soluble solids reached 5%, which was about 20% higher than that of common bitter gourd. Every 100 g of fresh fruit contains vitamin C 152 mg and protein 1.3 g, which are 30% and 32% higher than that of common bitter gourd respectively. Bitter gourd can be used for stew and cold salad, and can also be processed into balsam pear tea. Because of the characteristics of bitter gourd, its cultivation techniques are different from ordinary bitter gourd. It is suitable to raise seedlings in Zhangzhou from mid-February to early March in spring. Momordica charantia seeds were soaked in warm water at 50~55℃ 15~20 min, and then soaked for 8~ 10 h after natural cooling, and the seeds were moisturized and germinated at 28~32℃. Sow when the seeds are white. Seedlings can be placed in nutrition bags (pots) or directly on the Miao Di. The nutrient soil can be added with 1.0%~ 1.5% calcium magnesium phosphate as base fertilizer. After sowing, water the seeds and cover them with nutrient soil with a thickness of about 1 cm. When the seedlings grow to 3-4 true leaves, they can be planted. There is no pollution source around the site, the air is fresh, the water source is clean, the irrigation water meets the agricultural irrigation quality standards (pollutants are less than 2.5 mg/kg, lead, copper and sulfide are less than 1.0mg/L, mercury and mercury compounds are less than 0.00 1mg/L, arsenic and arsenic compounds are less than 0.05 mg/L), and there is no pesticide residue in the soil. Dig deep into the soil before planting, apply decomposed pig manure 22.5 t/hm2, calcium superphosphate 750 kg/hm2, compound fertilizer 375 kg/hm2, borax 100% as base fertilizer, mix well with the soil, and make the ground into a border with a height of 25 cm and a width of 4.5 cm. Sow in late March to early April. In order to achieve the highest benefit, bitter gourd should be cultivated on a flat frame, and the row spacing between plants should be wider than that of ordinary bitter gourd, which is 400 cm×450 cm. Water your feet after planting. After field management 15 days, seedling fertilizer should be poured in time, generally using 0.3% urea or compound fertilizer to promote root elongation. At the same time, bamboo poles should be inserted to draw vines, with a length of 2 m and a buried depth of 20 cm. This variety is vigorous, easy to branch, mainly lateral vines, and has a long harvest period. Therefore, when the height of the plant is 1 m, the main frame should be set up first, the height is about 180 cm, and it should be firm and covered with nylon net with a grid size of 25 cm×25 cm. When plants are put on shelves, the lateral branches of main vines below 180 cm are removed before putting on shelves, so as to avoid wasting nutrients and promote the elongation of main vines. After the main vine is put on the shelf, it should be trimmed properly to ensure that there are side vines with the same length and thickness in all directions to facilitate ventilation and lighting. After fruit setting, diseased fruits, diseased fruits and abnormal fruits should be removed in time, and inferior fruits should be buried or dumped in abandoned ponds. Bitter gourd needs a lot of fertilizer and water. If water and fertilizer are lacking, the plants will grow badly, which will easily lead to abnormal and premature aging of fruits. After 1 female flower is opened, combined with intertillage weeding, 1 fertilizer is applied, and 45% ternary compound fertilizer is imported at 225 kg/hm2. After that, topdressing in time according to the harvest and growth situation will make the plants not fade. Generally, 1 ternary compound fertilizer is applied topdressing in 15 ~ 20 days, and effective boron fertilizer of 375 g/hm2 is applied in about 30 days. Pest control Because bitter gourd has strong stress resistance, it is planted in a shed with good ventilation and almost no disease. Pests mainly include melon aphid, melon silk moth and fruit fly. In the prevention and control of melon aphids, physical methods can be used to kill them from the beginning, such as using the yellowing habit of aphids, using stick insect, or coating 1 layer of gelatin on yellow plastic sheets, or coating 1 layer of engine oil or syrup with trichlorfon. 3% acetamiprid EC and 10 can be used for chemical control. The damage period is mostly from July to September, and 8 000 times insecticide, 1 000 times insecticide, 20% fenvalerate 3 000 times insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder, 5% fipronil 2 500 times insecticide and emamectin benzoate can be selected for control.
Emamectin benzoate and other chemicals are used alternately [8]. June-165438+1October, the fruit fly was seriously damaged. At present, the more effective method is the combination of trapping and killing adults and chemical control. Generally, sweet and sour medicines produced in Taiwan Province Province (formula: 3% sugar, 2% aged vinegar, 1% trichlorfon, proper amount of rotten bananas and water) or sticky stabilizers are used to trap and kill adults. Chemical control can be carried out by spraying 3 000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin, 2 000~3 000 times of 2.5% green water or methyl salt at noon or near night, and spraying 1 time every 3 ~ 5 days for 2~3 times continuously. Timely harvest is 10~ 14 d after anthesis, and the weight of single fruit is about 30 g, so it should be harvested in time. The main diseases are 1 and Fusarium wilt. It is observed that bitter gourd is prone to wilt during planting. Fusarium wilt of bitter gourd is a soil-borne disease caused by specialized infection of Fusarium oxysporum, which is one of the most serious diseases encountered in bitter gourd production. The main symptom of the disease is that the diseased plants turn yellow and wilt, and the incidence rate is generally 15% ~ 25%, and in severe cases it is as high as 60% ~ 80%[ 1], which seriously affects the yield and quality of bitter gourd. 2. Powdery Mildew Powdery Mildew is very common in bitter gourd plants. Powdery mildew spots appeared on the front or back of the leaves in the early stage, and the leaves were covered with white powder in the later stage, and then turned gray, which led to the leaves turning yellow-brown and dry. The disease first occurred in the middle and lower leaves, and then infected the upper parts. The main pathogens are powdery mildew and monospora cucurbitae. The strain has a wide host range, can parasitize a variety of cucurbitaceae crops, and has wide adaptability to temperature and humidity. The incidence rate in the field can be as high as 100%, which leads to the fading and yellowing of plant leaves, the decrease of photosynthesis, the impact on fruit development and the reduction of yield. 3. Downy mildew mainly harms leaves, which can occur in seedling stage or growth stage. Its pathogen is cucumber downy mildew. At the beginning of the disease, pale yellow spots appeared on the leaves. Due to the restriction of veins, the spots were polygonal or irregular, and the color gradually changed from yellow to tan and brown. In severe cases, spots will merge into plaques. When the humidity is high, white mold will grow on the back of leaves. In Fujian province, it can occur all year round. When the greenhouse management is not in place, the disease is serious, resulting in poor drainage and high soil water content. The greater the humidity, the more serious the illness. 4. The pathogens of Rhizoctonia solani are Pythium and Phytophthora, which mainly occur at seedling stage. After the seedlings were infected by pathogenic bacteria, they began to flood from the stem base or the middle part of hypocotyl exposed from the soil surface, then turned yellow-brown, and the seedlings collapsed. When the humidity of seedbed is high, white cotton-wool hyphae grow near the diseased spot. The disease mostly occurs in places with long-term wet and rainy soil. If the cultivation management is improper, the temperature and humidity control is not good, the disease is serious under the condition of low temperature and high humidity, and all the seedlings can die. The main disease control measures in production, disease control mainly adopts comprehensive control measures such as planting disease-resistant varieties, strengthening cultivation management and chemical control. 1. compared with strengthening cultivation management and chemical control, breeding and popularizing disease-resistant varieties is the most economical, effective and environmentally friendly disease prevention measure, which is of great significance to improve the yield and economic benefits of bitter gourd. At present, the author's research group has carried out genetic breeding research on bitter gourd, hoping to select new disease-resistant varieties through artificial hybridization after self-purification of several generations of single plants. 2. Cultivate strong seedlings and strengthen cultivation management. Bitter gourd seeds need to be raised before they are planted in the ground. Therefore, proper control of seedling temperature and humidity can effectively prevent seedling diseases. After planting in the field, water management should be strengthened before fruiting, and intertillage should be done in time to improve the ground temperature; Remove the old diseased leaves in the field in time in the late growth stage to facilitate ventilation and light transmission; At the same time, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to enhance the stress resistance of plants. 3. Pesticide control When pesticides are used to control diseases of bitter gourd, according to its biological characteristics, bitter gourd should be harvested at flowering and need to be prevented as early as possible. Once the disease occurs, it should be prevented as early as possible, follow the principle of harvesting first and then applying pesticide, and strictly implement the safety interval. Choose the corresponding pesticides, adopt the correct application method, give full play to the efficacy, prevent the occurrence of phytotoxicity, and choose low toxicity and high efficiency pesticides. At present, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, metalaxyl, triadimefon, thiophanate-methyl and other low-toxic and efficient pesticides suitable for pollution-free control can be selected. Occurrence and control of main pests 1, and the occurrence and control of fruit fly mainly harm larvae, which feed on fruits. After the bitter gourd was damaged, the fruit turned yellow locally, and the whole fruit was deformed and rotted in the later stage, which led to the melon falling off and breaking open, and maggots were visible. Main control measures: First, bagging to protect fruits. Bagging can be carried out when pests are serious, and bagging can be carried out when fruits are just growing to prevent fruit flies from laying eggs on the fruits. The second is to trap and kill adults. The yellow board for catching insects hangs in the field. The glue on the yellow board can stick to the adults of Drosophila melanogaster, treat aphids and reduce the adult density. The third is chemical prevention. When serious pests occur, choose low-toxicity and high-efficiency pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid and acetaminophen.
Ruibao and other pesticides for prevention and control. 2. Occurrence and Control of Noctuidae Larvae According to field observation, it was found that Noctuidae Larvae that harmed Momordica charantia were Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. It is easy to occur at high temperature, and it is harmful for larvae to eat bitter gourd. Noctuidae larvae are omnivorous, explosive and reproduce quickly, which affects the normal growth of bitter gourd to some extent and leads to reduced production. Main prevention and control measures: First, strengthen cultivation management, clean up fields, manually remove egg pieces, catch groups of larvae at night or in the early morning, take them out of the fields for killing, and reduce insect sources. The second is poison bait trapping and killing. Make poison bait, stir-fry with bean flour, add 90% trichlorfon, and put a small pile every 1 m at night. Larvae will be poisoned to death after eating. The third is chemical control. Choose pesticides with low toxicity and high efficiency, such as abamectin, BT preparation, chlorhexidine EC and Kung Fu. Spray again at night. Research progress in hybrid breeding of bitter gourd It is an important way of traditional breeding to carry out artificial hybrid breeding from local varieties collected from various places after several generations of self-purification, and then select better new varieties from different combinations. Ruyu 45' is a new 1 bitter gourd variety, which was bred by Wu in 20 13 years. BAL-22-3 1 is the female parent and L. -45 is the male parent. This variety combines the characteristics of parents and has strong growth potential. The female node of 1 is about 17, and all the main vines can bear melons, with dark green peel and tumor tips. Commercial melons are about 6cm long, 3cm in transverse diameter, and the weight of a single melon is about 40 g. Mature melons can reach about 200 g. The fruits are pointed at both ends, olive-shaped, with longitudinal edges and tumor tips. The meat is crisp and tender, bitter and sweet. Study on Cultivation Techniques of Bitter Melon 20 13 Lai Zhengfeng and others summarized the cultivation techniques of Bitter Melon in detail from the aspects of suitable seedling raising, site selection, field management, pest control and timely harvesting. 20 12 it is of great significance for Wu et al. to study the cultivation techniques of bitter gourd in greenhouse in winter, which will prolong the time to market and improve the product value. It is reported that according to the fruit characteristics of bitter gourd, the cultivation method of flat frame structure is generally adopted. Bitter gourd has good disease resistance and vigorous growth. The number of seedlings sown per 667m2 is relatively small, generally about 40 ~ 60, and the production cycle is much longer than other bitter gourd varieties, generally about 270d d. Study on the effective components of bitter gourd; Yunnan and Taiwan Province provinces started to study the effective components of Momordica charantia earlier. 1993, Li Zuqiang and others separated three pure crystals A, B and C from chloroform extract of dried root tuber of bitter gourd. Six pure crystals, D, F, F, G, H and I, were obtained from the hydrolysate of total saponins extracted by n-butanol. After identification, A is stearic acid; B is the alcoholic taste of beef and spinach; D is oleanolic acid; E is two yuan carnation soap; F is two yuan for Changchun Snow Jujube. At the same time, four sugars were identified from the hydrolysate of total saponin: D- glucose. D- xylose; L- fucose (fucose); L- rhamnose. 1997, two new triterpenoids were isolated from momordica charantia L. 65438-0998, Li Zuqiang et al. conducted pharmacological tests on 20 compounds and organic acids isolated from the dried root tuber of Momordica charantia, and found that 5 components had anticancer activity. During the period of 1997, Zhou et al. used the ethyl acetate extract from the juice residue of the stem, leaf, flower and fruit of Momordica charantia L. and the water extract from the fruit juice to study its influence on inflammatory reaction and related indexes, and the performance of protein. Through MTT test, it was found that bitter gourd extract had no significant effect on cell survival rate at suitable test temperature. In addition, the short-term transfection experiment showed that the ethyl acetate extract of bitter gourd juice residue had significant ability to activate PPAR-γ at 100μg/ml. In terms of inflammatory mediators NO2 and PGE2, the ethyl acetate extract from bitter gourd juice residue has a significant inhibitory effect at 100μg/ml. Study on the health function of bitter gourd 20 1 1 year, Lu et al. took 16 different varieties of bitter gourd provided by Hualien Agricultural Reform Farm, extracted them with cold water (water extract) and methanol (methanol extract) respectively, and carried out bacteriostatic tests at the concentration of 10mg/ml. The tested strains include drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC3359 1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536) and Salmonella (ATCC 19 126). The cytotoxicity of HT 1080 cells was evaluated at the concentration of 1mg/ml. The results showed that bitter gourd extract had no inhibitory effect on the growth of drug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC3359 1) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853). The water extract and methanol extract of some varieties can inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli (ATCC 10536) and Salmonella (ATCC 19 126). Even if the water extract is heated at 100℃ for 5 minutes, it can inhibit the growth of the above two bacteria. 20 12 Lu et al. extracted with cold water (water extract, H) and methanol (methanol extract, M) respectively for antioxidant activity analysis. The results showed that the scavenging activities of DPPH free radicals and hydroxyl free radicals were different among varieties, and the 50% effective concentration of the most effective varieties was 18 1? G/ml(H) and 246? G/ml (m); The 50% effective concentration of the most effective variety is 148? G/ml(H) and …37…? Microgram/milliliter (cubic meter). In terms of inhibiting copper ion-induced low-density lipoprotein peroxidation activity, especially methanol extract (M) in 4000? At the concentration of g/ml, its protective effect (expressed by TBARS) is almost the same as that of 0.8mMTrolox. The above results show that bitter gourd extract may be developed into natural antioxidant health food.