large file format (PSB)

large file format (PSB) can support documents up to 3, pixels in any dimension, and also can support all Photoshop functions, such as layers, effects and filters. At present, most documents stored in PSB format can only be opened in Photoshop CS, because other applications and older versions of Photoshop cannot open files stored in PSB format.

note: most other applications, as well as older versions of Photoshop, cannot support files larger than 2 GB.

to save a document in psb format, you must have enabled the Enable Large Document Format (.PSB) option in Preferences. However, there is one exception: even if you don't select the Enable Large Document Format (.psb) option in Preferences, you can still open an existing PSB file and save it in PSB format.

Some people say that it is Murphy's Theorem

PSB is non-toxic and nutritious, with protein content as high as 64.15%-66.%, and the amino acid composition is complete, including 8 essential amino acids needed by the body, and the proportion of various amino acids is reasonable. PSB is also rich in B vitamins, the content of which is shown in Table 1. PSB bacteria contain a high concentration of carotenoids and there are many kinds. Up to now, more than 8 carotenoids have been isolated from photosynthetic bacteria.

photosynthetic bacteria

In addition, cells also contain carbon storage substances such as glycogen, poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid, coenzyme Q, antiviral substances and growth promoting factors, which have high feed value and broad application prospects in aquaculture. Under anaerobic illumination, PSB can use low-molecular-weight organic compounds such as low-molecular-weight fatty acids, various dicarboxylic acids, alcohols, sugars and aromatic compounds as electron acceptors for photosynthesis, so as to carry out heterotrophic growth of light energy. Organic matter can be used as respiratory substrate for aerobic or heterotrophic growth in dark conditions. Photosynthetic bacteria can not only assimilate CO2 by light energy under anaerobic illumination, but also perform nitrogen fixation and produce hydrogen under certain conditions. In addition, some strains can also produce hydrogen through pyruvate metabolism system under dark anaerobic conditions. Photosynthetic bacteria can also utilize many organic substances such as organic acids. Alcohol and sugar transform some toxic substances such as H2S and some aromatic compounds. Through biotransformation, PSB can synthesize bacterial protein with no toxicity and side effects and rich in various nutrients, which not only improves the ecological environment, but also provides high-quality feed raw materials for aquaculture. The contents of vitamin B12, biotin, pantothenic acid, carotenoids, chlorophyll and folic acid related to hematopoiesis and hemoglobin formation in PSB bacteria are much higher than those in general microorganisms, especially the biotin D isomer which cannot be synthesized artificially. These substances have significant physiological activities in animals. In aquaculture, the culture pond can be divided into aerobic zone and anaerobic zone from the surface to the bottom according to the dissolved oxygen content in water. Surface organisms thrive and the water quality is generally good; In the bottom layer, the excreta of fish and shrimp and the unconsumed food residues are accumulated, and the organic matter is rich, which leads to the proliferation of microorganisms and consumes a lot of oxygen in the water, resulting in the formation of an anaerobic environment in the bottom layer, the proliferation of sulfate-reducing bacteria, and the production of hydrogen sulfide and acidic substances that are toxic to fish and shrimp. The environment at the bottom of the culture ground is just the conditions suitable for photosynthetic bacteria to survive. One is anaerobic conditions, and the other is that light passes through the aerobic water layer covered on it, so that photosynthetic bacteria can absorb light with a wavelength of 45-55 μ m suitable for growth. Photosynthetic bacteria use underground fish and shrimp excreta, food residues, toxic and harmful hydrogen sulfide and acidic substances as substrates to multiply in large quantities, improve dissolved oxygen content in water, adjust pH and make ammonia nitrogen. The content of nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen decreases, and the sludge accumulation at the bottom of the pond decreases, which is beneficial to the increase of algae and micro-organisms and the purification of water. PSB can perform physiological functions such as photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, nitrogen fixation, carbon fixation, etc., and is rich in nutrients such as protein, vitamins, growth-promoting factors, immune factors, etc., which is comparable to antibiotics in function and safer, and is one of the promising research fields in bioengineering. Photosynthetic bacteria preparation also has unique functions of disease resistance and growth promotion, which greatly improves the production performance and shows more and more great potential in application. Others have broad application prospects in water purification, alcohol waste mash treatment, fish and shrimp breeding, livestock and poultry breeding, organic fertilizer and new energy development.

classification of cyanobacteria

2

Bacteria with photosynthetic capacity in nature can be divided into oxygen-producing photosynthetic bacteria (cyanobacteria, protogreen bacteria) and non-oxygen-producing photosynthetic bacteria (purple bacteria and green bacteria) according to the different photosynthetic pigments and electron donors they contain.

(1) Cyanobacter)

This is a kind of photosynthetic bacteria which contains chlorophyll a, uses water as hydrogen donor and electron donor, converts light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis, and assimilates CO2 into organic matter. Because they have the same photosynthetic system as plants, they have been classified as algae by algae scientists in history, called cyanobacteria. The study on the cell structure of cyanobacteria shows that the cell nucleus of cyanobacteria has no nuclear membrane and mitotic apparatus, and the cell wall is composed of peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide containing diaminopimelanic acid. Gram staining is negative, and it secretes mucus layer, capsule or forms sheath. The cell contains 7S ribosomes. Although it has photosynthetic pigment of chlorophyll, it does not form chloroplasts, and the photosynthetic site contains chlorophyll a, β-carotene, carotenoid and phycoerythrin. These characteristics of cyanobacteria similar to prokaryotes make them a member of the bacterial family. The pigment dominated by phycocyanin makes the cells appear special blue, so it is named cyanobacteria. According to morphology, it can be divided into 5 groups, including 29 genera. The cell size of cyanobacteria is very different. The smallest Synechococcus is only .5 -1μ m in diameter, while the Oscillatoria can exceed 6 μ m.. Cyanobacteria are widely distributed in nature and are common in rivers, lakes and seawater. The nutrition of cyanobacteria is very simple, without vitamins. Nitrate or ammonia is used as nitrogen source, and most of them can fix nitrogen. Cultivating cyanobacteria in rice fields can maintain and improve soil fertility. Some experiments have proved that cyanobacteria can be used as food and auxiliary nutrients to treat diseases such as liver cirrhosis, anemia, cataract, glaucoma and pancreatitis. It also has certain curative effect on diabetes and hepatitis. Cyanobacteria, different from eukaryotes in oxygen-releasing photosynthesis, may be the first photosynthetic organism to produce oxygen in the evolution of life on earth, which plays a milestone role in the transformation from anaerobic to aerobic on earth and the evolution of eukaryotes.

purple bacteria

(2) purple bacteria

This is a group of photoautotrophic bacteria which contain bacteriocin and carotenoids, can carry out photosynthesis, have diverse photosynthetic membranes, use sulfides or sulfates as electron donors and deposit sulfur. Because it contains different types of carotenoids, the cell culture medium is purple, red, orange-brown and yellow-brown, so it is called purple bacteria. Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas and Rhodomicrobium were once considered as non-sulfur purple bacteria because they could not use sulfide as an electron donor to reduce CO2 to form cellular substances. Later, it was found that most of these bacteria can still use low concentration of sulfide, and now they are classified as purple sulfur bacteria. Most of them are distributed in fresh water, seawater, high salt and other aquatic environments containing soluble organic matter and low oxygen pressure, and are also common in wet soil and paddy fields.

3 functions

In natural freshwater and seawater, there are usually nearly 1 PSB bacteria per milliliter. They can directly utilize organic acids, amino acids, ammonia and sugars under the condition of water illumination, and make themselves proliferate and purify the water body together.

1. Effectively absorb harmful substances such as ammonia nitrogen, nitroso nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, etc., promote organic matter circulation and purify water quality.

2. The disadvantages of disinfectants can be overcome and harmful chemicals in water can be effectively degraded by forming dominant communities, maintaining the microecological balance of water bodies, inhibiting the reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms and preventing the onset of aquatic animals.

3. Cultivate zooplankton, increase natural bait and reduce bait fraction.

4. Improve water transparency, promote photosynthesis of phytoplankton, and indirectly increase oxygen.

5. Promote the growth rate of aquatic animals, improve their metabolism, strengthen their immune system, and improve their immunity and disease resistance.

6. Cyanobacteria are closely related to the environmental quality of water. When the water grows vigorously, it can make the water turn blue or other colors, and some cyanobacteria can smell like grass or mildew. The common cyanobacteria in lake waves are Microcystis aeruginosa and ANABAENA qu. The proliferation of cyanobacteria in some species will cause "water bloom" (fresh water) or "red tide" (seawater), which will lead to the deterioration of water quality and a series of environmental problems. In sewage or wet land, there are common tremella cinerea or tremella gigantea. Many groups of cyanobacteria have the ability to fix nitrogen in the air, and more than 12 species of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria have been found so far. Cyanobacteria can form "mats" on solid surfaces. Some cyanobacteria can also interact with fungi. Bryophytes, ferns and seed plants, such as lichens, are the living bodies of cyanobacteria and fungi.

7. Five billion years ago, the earth was originally an anaerobic environment, and the transformation from anaerobic environment to aerobic environment was caused by the emergence of cyanobacteria and the production of oxygen. Scientists believe that chloroplasts in plants originate from cyanobacteria swallowed by cells and exist with them. Nowadays, photosynthetic bacteria have made great contributions to the vibrant life world.

4 biological characteristics

Photosynthetic bacteria are widely distributed in natural soil, paddy fields, swamps, lakes, rivers and seas, and mainly distributed in anoxic areas where light can be transmitted in aquatic environment. The optimum water temperature for photosynthetic bacteria is 15-4 C, and the optimum water temperature is 28-36 C.. Its cell dry matter contains more than 6% protein, its protein amino acid composition is relatively complete, and its cells also contain a variety of vitamins, especially B vitamins, Vb2, folic acid, pantothenic acid and biotin, as well as a large number of carotenoids, coenzyme Q and other physiologically active substances. Therefore, photosynthetic bacteria have high nutritional value, which is the material basis for its use as water-cultivating bait and feed additive in aquaculture.

Photosynthetic bacteria can carry out photosynthesis in an environment with light and oxygen deficiency, use light energy to carry out photosynthesis, and use light energy to assimilate carbon dioxide. Unlike green plants, their photosynthesis does not produce oxygen. There is only one photosystem, PSI, in photosynthetic bacteria cells. The original hydrogen donor for photosynthesis is H2S (or some organic matter) instead of water. As a result of its photosynthesis, it produces H2, decomposes organic matter, and fixes the molecular nitrogen of air to produce ammonia. In the process of its own assimilation and metabolism, photosynthetic bacteria have completed three extremely important chemical processes in the natural material cycle: hydrogen production, nitrogen fixation and decomposition of organic matter. These unique physiological characteristics make their position in the ecosystem extremely important.

5 other meaning

Three Great Discoveries of Western Culture in the 2th Century

Murphy's Law, Perkinson's Theorem and Peter's Principle are called the three most outstanding discoveries of Western culture in the 2th century. It originated in 1949, when an engineer named Captain Murphy of the United States Air Force discovered that if you drop a piece of dry bread on the carpet, both sides of the bread may touch the ground. But suppose you drop a piece of bread with a layer of jam on one side on the carpet, and often the side with jam falls on the carpet (trouble). To put it another way: if something is likely to go bad, this possibility will become a reality. This is Murphy's law. Its scope of application is very wide, and it reveals a unique social and natural phenomenon. Its extreme expression is: if something bad is possible, no matter how small the possibility is, it will always happen and cause the greatest possible damage.

Secondly

1. If you want to know in advance which transactions are likely to suffer losses, Murphy's Law can tell you:

1) those transactions that have not established protective stop-loss orders;

2) holding too many positions due to carelessness;

2. the application of Murphy's law in the stock market: you are afraid of falling, but it will fall for you; You expect to go up, but it will not go up; You can't help but sell it, and it has started to rise; You are optimistic about five stocks and buy one of them. As a result, except for the one in your hand, the other four stocks have risen very well. ...

3. Q: I was bullish on three stocks and bought one of them. As a result, everything rose well except the one in my hand. What should I do? My experience is: among several stocks that are optimistic at the same time, buy the one that is the most uncertain. Or the last of these stocks in your mind may have the best effect. The things with the highest expectations in the stock market are also the most disappointing.

thirdly

1. The place where you find the lost thing is the last place you look for.

2. If there are five trading days a week, the first three days go up, up, up, and you don't pay attention; After two days, it fell. Look: Murphy's law works!

3. The banker's decapitation is something that many people have never thought of. If you bet the stock on the bank, you can't help but think that it will jump one day. Since there is a possibility, there is a chance to realize it. Bankers have been comfortable for several years, and we didn't pay attention to it. One day we dived. Look: Murphy's Law worked again.

4. So this is also a probability. Good and bad results happen every day, and the possibility of both exists at the same time. Good result, no one noticed. Once there is a bad result, just because the result is too strong and impressive, it will lead to an inevitable conclusion. In the mobile market, the bad place is where you draw conclusions, which is where the so-called Murphy's Law works.

Hu Lun said Murphy's Law

1. My feeling is that Murphy's Law attaches importance to possibility, including those small probability events, emphasizes the change and uncertainty of things, expands our thinking or observation horizons, and nip in the bud. At the same time, it tells us not to follow others' advice, but to look at what people have not seen and think what people have not thought, and there may be opportunities to make money in those places. Surprise is the same reason, which is the magic weapon of some people.

2. The attention problem mentioned by Brother Chi is just one aspect of Murphy's Law. What we pay attention to is selective. The information presented to us by the world is very rich, but we usually make limited choices based on our six senses, inner needs, cognition and acceptance, which are usually linear and one-sided, and the subject and object are not harmonious. So sometimes after something happens, we pay attention and begin to regret it. Therefore, I emphasize that the main purpose of Murphy's Law is to break the self-barrier of our inner understanding of the world, let our attention diverge and flow as much as possible, and observe the overall changes. It's like a wind.