Hazelnut Hazelnut belongs to the Corylus L. plant of the Betulaceae family.

There are 8 species and two varieties of Corylus plants in my country.

Among them, Pingzhen wild resources are widely distributed and abundant.

1. Distribution area There are abundant wild hazelnuts in northern my country. According to incomplete statistics, in the 1950s, there were about 1.667 million acres of hazelnut forests in the Northeast, with an annual output of more than 25 million kilograms of hazelnuts, which were sold well both at home and abroad. However, due to the lack of management and wild hazelnut nuts Small, poor quality, not adaptable to market demand, slow development.

Overseas, countries such as West Asia, the Mediterranean coast of Europe, and North America have cultivated European hazelnuts for more than 700 years. There are many excellent varieties and they are one of the four major nuts in the international trade market.

In order to develop the hazel tree cultivation industry in my country, the Liaoning Provincial Economic Forestry Research Institute has introduced hazelnut varieties for trial planting since the 1970s. Through domestication and domestication, new varieties suitable for cultivation in my country have been trained and interspecific with the flat hazelnuts native to my country. Hybridization also involves cultivating new hybrid varieties that are cold-resistant, high-yielding, and have large fruits.

These varieties (series) are suitable for cultivation in the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins south of 36° north latitude in my country and in areas with similar climates, and have experienced great development in recent years.

2. Cultivation significance Hazelnut is a tree species with wide uses and high economic value.

According to analysis, hazelnut kernels contain 51.4% to 66.4% fat, 17.32% to 25.92% protein, 6.6% carbohydrates, 2.8% to 5.8% water and a variety of vitamins and minerals.

Vitamin C, VE, VB, etc. are dissolved in hazel oil.

Hazelnuts can be eaten raw or fried. They not only have a good flavor, but are also high in calories.

In the food industry, hazelnuts are high-quality raw materials for processed foods such as chocolate, candy, pastries, etc.

Hazelnuts are also raw materials for extracting edible oil and various industrial oils. The oil content is about 54%, which is 2 to 3 times that of soybeans.

Hazelnuts can also be used as medicine.

Oil meal can be used as feed or fertilizer, and fruit shell is a raw material for making activated carbon.

The bark and fruit buds contain tannins (8.5% to 14.5%), which can be used to make tanning substances and roasted gum, and the hazel leaves can be used to raise silkworms.

The wood can be used to make walking sticks, umbrella handles, etc.

3. Cultivation characteristics: Hazelnut flowers are monoecious, that is, unisexual flowers, with flowers first and then leaves.

The male flowers are catkins, which are borne between the leaf axils of the middle and upper parts of new leaves. The female flowers are flower heads, which are borne in the middle and upper parts of annual branches or the tops of short branches and clusters. They are pollinated by wind.

Therefore, when building a hazel tree garden, varieties with the same or similar flowering period should be used as pollinator trees. Generally, three varieties are suitable for the same garden, with a ratio of 5 to 6:1.

Different types of hazelnuts have different temperature requirements.

European hazelnut likes a warm and humid climate.

The suitable average temperature is 13~15℃, the absolute minimum is -10℃, and the extreme high temperature is 38℃.

Ping'an hybrids are more cold-resistant than European hazelnuts and are suitable for cultivation in areas with average annual temperatures of 7.5 to 13°C and the lowest temperature reaching -30°C.

Hazelnut is a light-loving plant and generally requires more than 2100 hours of sunshine per year. Otherwise, there will be few flower buds and low yield.

Hazel trees like to grow on fertile, well-ventilated sandy loam soil. Especially the Pinocchio hybrids have high soil requirements. Dry sandy soil, heavy clay soil, swamps, salty lands and low-lying lands are not suitable for establishing hazel orchards.

Pingu hybrids require a soil pH of 6.5 to 7.5, while Eucalyptus requires a soil pH of 5.5 to 7.

Hazelnut branches are easy to take root, and adventitious buds are easy to sprout root tillers.

Therefore, seedlings are usually grown through layering or grafting propagation.

The strong sprouting branches of the annual are used for layering in early spring, and the young branches of the current year are used as materials for layering in June.

For grafting seedlings, flat hazel seedlings are often used as rootstocks.

Hazelnuts are prone to flower and fruit drop, and the fruit has a high rate of empty kernels and shriveled kernels.

The main measures to prevent: ① Select high-quality mother trees when breeding seedlings; ② Arrange pollinating trees when building a garden, supplemented by artificial pollination; ③ Strengthen management to ensure adequate nutrition.

4. Harvesting, storage, processing and market The maturity period of hazelnut nuts is closely related to the type, variety and climatic conditions.

Generally, it takes 147 to 176 days from pollination of female flowers to maturity of nuts.

Since the outer and top nuts of the same tree mature first, and the lower and inner parts mature later, they should be harvested in stages during production.

The budded hazelnuts are picked, piled and fermented for 1 to 2 days, then shelled by beating with a stick, impurities removed, and dried to become commercial hazelnuts.

The storage of hazelnuts requires low temperature, low oxygen, dryness, and avoidance of light. The suitable temperature is below 15°C, the relative humidity is below 60%, and dark light. Otherwise, the fat will be converted and produce a "harratic taste" and cannot be eaten.

Our country's hazelnut processing industry is still very backward. For example, Italian hazelnut processing is divided into five categories, with dozens of products. They are not only fried in shells, nut pastes, but also high-end raw materials for various candies and foods.

With the development of my country's food industry and the improvement of people's living standards, the hazelnut market has great prospects.

The Chinese herbal medicine Hazelnut ("Rihuazi Materia Medica") has synonyms: Chuizi ("Compendium of Materia Medica"), Pingzhen ("Illustrated Description of Common Trees in Hebei"), and Shanfanli ("Chinese Tree Taxonomy").

The source is the kernel of the birch plant Hazel.

Plant form Hazel ("Book of Songs"), deciduous shrub or small tree, 1 to 7 meters high.

The leaves are alternate; broadly ovate to broadly obovate, 5 to 13 cm long and 4 to 7 cm wide, with a truncate apex and a sharp tip, a round or heart-shaped base, irregular serrated edges, and hairless tops.

There are pubescence on the lower veins; the petiole is 1 to 2 cm long and densely covered with fine hairs; the stipules are small and fall early.

The flowers are unisexual, monoecious, and the first leaves are open; the male flowers are in catkins, cylindrical, 5 to 10 cm long, each bract has 2 subbracts, the bracts have fine hairs, apex is pointed, bright purple brown, 8 stamens, stamens

Yellow; female flowers have 2 to 6 clustered branch tips, which are wrapped in scale buds when blooming, with only the styles exposed, and the styles are 2 and red.