There are 27 species of Cucurbita, including cultivated pumpkin and its wild relatives * * *, and the species list is shown in table 17- 1. This shows that Cucurbita is a big genus in vegetables. Each species of pumpkin contains many subspecies and cultivated varieties. According to the latest classification list of Cucurbita in Lira Saade( 1995), Cucurbita is divided into 6 groups with ***20 species or subspecies, as shown in table 17-2.
Table 17- 1 cultivated species and wild relatives of Cucurbita.
Table 17- 1 cultivated species and wild relatives of Cucurbita (continued)-1
Table 17-2 latest classification (group, species, subspecies) of Cucurbita.
The five cultivated species of Cucurbita have obvious differences in botanical morphological characteristics such as stems, leaves, flowers, fruits and seeds, such as Table 17-3. Among them, stem, leaf, flower, thorn, fruit pedicle and seed are the important characteristics of pumpkin interspecific distinction.
Table 17-3 Comparison Table of Morphological Characteristics of Five Pumpkin Cultivars
Chinese pumpkins are divided into round pumpkins (>: Cucurbita moschata var.> Melonaeformis Bailey) and long pumpkin (>; Cucurbita moschata var.> Toonas Mak.) (China Agricultural Encyclopedia Vegetable Volume, 1990). Round pumpkin: the fruit is flat or round, with longitudinal grooves or tumor-like protrusions on the fruit surface, and the fruit is dark green with yellow stripes. Such as Mopan Pumpkin in Gansu Province, Box Pumpkin in Guangdong Province, Persimmon Pumpkin in Hubei Province and Papaya Pumpkin in Taiwan Province Province. Long pumpkin: the fruit is long, the head is swollen, and the skin is green with yellow patterns. For example, ten sisters in Zhejiang province, long pumpkins in Shandong province, and oxleg pumpkins in Jiangsu province.
2. Classification of Cultivation (1) Classification according to the characteristics of fruits.
In addition to the aforementioned classification of Chinese pumpkins into round pumpkin varieties and long pumpkin varieties, China Vegetable Variety Records (200 1) also classifies Chinese pumpkins into three types: oblate, short and long. The longitudinal diameter of oblate fruit is smaller than the transverse diameter, and the small fruit variety in this type is called persimmon pumpkin among the people. Medium-sized pumpkins are called box-plate pumpkins; The large fruit is called Mopan Pumpkin. The ratio of the longitudinal diameter to the transverse diameter of the short-tube fruit is1:1~ 2:1,and the melon is spherical. Olive-shaped fruit stems and pedicels are called olive melons or waist drum melons; Pear-shaped melons with sharp stems and flat pedicels are called hat melons; Cone melon with flat pedicel and sharp pedicel; Both ends are flat, and one end of the fruit stalk is larger than the other end of the fruit pedicle. The end of the fruit stalk is smaller than the end of the fruit pedicle, which is called the cow's hoof melon; The two ends are generally thick and called chopping melons; The middle is slightly thinner and waist-shaped, which is called gourd and melon. The longitudinal diameter of the long-tube type fruit is more than 2 times of the transverse diameter, and it is in the shape of a long tube or a long curved tube. One end of the fruit pedicle is slightly larger, and the small fruit shape is called a goose neck melon. The middle fruit shape is called dog stretching, yellow wolf melon and thick neck; The big fruit is called oxleg melon and camel neck; The one with the waist tied in the middle is called pillow pumpkin (Liu Yisheng, 2007).
There are great differences in fruit size, shape, skin color and quality among Indian pumpkin varieties. The fruit is hundreds of kilograms, and the small one is less than 0.5kg. According to the shape, it can be divided into circle, oblate circle, ellipse, spindle and long column. The color of ripe melon skin is milky white, light yellow, ochre yellow, yellow, golden yellow, orange, orange, gray green, dark green, etc. Some varieties have orange, green or gray-green stripes with different colors. The fruit surface is smooth or has furrows with different depths, some varieties have many tumor-like protrusions on the fruit surface, and some varieties swell and protrude into a three-legged or four-legged shape near the navel, and their melon shape is as cool as a censer. According to the different skin colors of fruits, they are often divided into white skin, yellow skin, red skin, gray skin, green skin and flower skin. However, it should be noted that the skin colors of some Indian pumpkin tender fruits and mature fruits are different, and the skin colors of some varieties are not obvious and sometimes difficult to distinguish.
Japanese scholars divide Indian pumpkins into seven types according to the characteristics of fruit shape, fruit surface tumor and flower scar (Encyclopedia of Wild Vegetable Horticulture, Volume 6), which are as follows: ① Bird type: the fruit has a short spindle shape with tumor-like protrusions on the melon surface, that is, the navel and stem are prominent, which can be divided into many types according to the tumor state and fruit surface color. The representative varieties in China are Harbin Yangwogua and Shenyang Ganli; (2) Extremely delicious type: the fruit is short spindle-shaped, but the stem of the melon is flat, but the navel of the melon is prominent. The representative varieties of China are Heilongjiang Hongwo Cucurbita, Yanbian Eagle-billed Pumpkin, etc. ③ Chestnut pumpkin type: the fruit shape is also short spindle-shaped, but the navel of the pumpkin is flat, but the stem of the pumpkin is prominent. The representative varieties in China are the female parent of the new Tosa pumpkin variety, the Japanese female gray-skinned pumpkin, etc. ④ Type of improved chestnut pumpkin: oblate, with flat stems and navel, and orange-red, green, gray-green or milky white peel. Most commercial varieties popularized in China belong to this type, and the representative varieties are Jinglu chestnut and chestnut-crystal pumpkin. ⑤ Cheese trophy type: China calls it Xiangzugua type, which is three-legged or four-legged, and the representative varieties in China are Pianguan Wogua and Huantai Xing Cai Melon. ⑥ Banana type: the fruit is long and cylindrical, the two ends are slightly thinner, and the peel is orange, grayish green or milky white. The representative varieties in China are Liangcheng Guagua and Houma Yugua. ⑦ Giant pumpkin type: This type of pumpkin has large fruit and soft skin, and is often used as feed and ornamental pumpkin.
(2) Classification according to the length of stems and vines
1. Dwarf (tufted) type
1. Dwarf (tufted) type
It mainly appears in Chinese pumpkin types, and there are few cluster types in Indian pumpkin. This type of variety has shorter vines and internodes, and it is early mature. The vine is 30 ~ 60 cm long and has many branches. Many female flowers are planted on small lateral branches branched from the roots, and these lateral branches usually naturally cap after 5-8 leaves are planted. The number of female flowers per plant varies from 3 to 10. The main varieties are Wuman 1, Wuman No.4 and so on.
2. Semi-creeping type
Generally speaking, it refers to some semi-short vine types of Indian pumpkin, whose stems and vines are short in the early stage and gradually longer in the middle and late stage until they are close to long vine varieties. The internode distance of the first 8 ~ 10 nodes of these varieties is very short, and gradually becomes longer after10 nodes, which is close to the internode spacing of normal long-vine plants. The representative variety of China is the first generation hybrid of Jinghongli with short vine, and its short vine parents were bred by several generations of selfing from Japanese introduced varieties. The length of the vine is 80 ~120 cm, and the first female flower of the main vine is planted on the 8th ~11node, which is an early-maturing variety. Semi-creeping Chinese pumpkin has not been found in natural resources, but this type of strain has appeared in the offspring of hybridization with tufted Chinese pumpkin, and breeders are separating and homozygous.
3. The vine type
It is the main type of Chinese pumpkin and Indian pumpkin. This type of variety has strong growth potential and long internode spacing, and the main vine can reach 200 ~ 500 cm, or even longer. The first female flower of the main vine generally appears after node 10, and there are early, middle and late maturing varieties. From sowing to flowering, there are great differences among different varieties. Generally, vine pumpkins are more resistant to diseases, heat, cold and drought than dwarf pumpkins. The results showed that the parts were scattered, and the maturity was not concentrated. However, most long-vine varieties were eaten by picking old ripe melons, and each plant could bear1~ 2 melons, so the harvest time was relatively concentrated. The main varieties of Chinese pumpkins are Yellow Wolf Pumpkin, Taigu Pumpkin and Mopan Pumpkin. Indian pumpkins include white jade pumpkin, sweet chestnut pumpkin, incense burner pumpkin and so on.