Cultivation techniques of Amorphophallus konjac
First, strict land selection, soil disinfection and reasonable rotation.
(1) Land selection: Amorphophallus konjac should be planted in semi-shady, warm and humid plots. Amorphophallus konjac likes warm and shade, cool and afraid of heat, and is not resistant to strong light and rain and waterlogging. It is suitable for cultivation in semi-cloudy and semi-sunny gentle slopes with good light conditions but no strong light, and in valleys with deep, loose and fertile soil layers and neutral and acidic sandy loam rich in organic matter and humus.
(2) Soil disinfection: During deep ploughing in winter, use 50 kg of quicklime, methyl chloride powder 1 kg or copper sulfate per mu to disinfect the soil, and use trichlorfon 1 kg to kill underground pests.
(3) Reasonable rotation: Amorphophallus konjac planting should adopt reasonable rotation, and the rotation interval is generally 3-4 years. At the same time, attention should be paid not to continuous cropping with potatoes, taro, eggplant and other crops in order to reduce the harm of pests and diseases.
Second, select improved varieties and soak them for disinfection.
(1) Seed selection: Amorphophallus konjac varieties with high yield, high quality, strong disease resistance and adaptability and rich in grape mannan should be selected as seed taro. In the selection of seed taro, we should choose the seed ball with flat top, small bud nest, taro shape, normal color, full body, conical terminal bud, no damage and no pests as seed taro.
(2) Seed soaking with chemicals: Choose sunny days before sowing, and put the seeds in 1? 2 days, then soaking the seeds with 72%100000 units of 800 times of agricultural streptomycin, 500 times of 40% formalin and 800 times of 50% carbendazim wettable powder for 30 minutes, drying and sowing.
Third, timely planting, standardized planting and classified planting.
(1) Planting time: choose sunny days. When the average temperature of the day is stable at 65438 05℃, the konjac can be taken out and planted. Generally planted at the end of the vernal equinox, the whole growth period is guaranteed to be around 200 days. The sowing date in low altitude areas should be advanced appropriately, and the sowing date in high altitude areas should be postponed appropriately. Don't plant in rainy days. The soil planted in rainy days is sticky, with high water content and poor soil permeability, and konjac is easy to get sick after planting.
(2) Planting specifications: Different kinds of taro are planted in blocks according to their sizes. Seeds of 50g and100g are mainly interplanted in pits under forests and ridging in corn fields, and seeds of 20-30g and10g are mainly interplanted in corn fields.
1 above, planting taro 100g: planting specification 50? 60cm, 2200 plants per mu is appropriate; Corn interplanting and ridging cultivation mode can also be adopted, and the planting specifications of konjac are 40cm row spacing and 60cm plant spacing.
2. Planting more than 50g taro: interplanting corn mainly in ridge planting mode, and planting specifications of konjac are 30cm row spacing and 45cm plant spacing.
3. Planting taro 20-30g: interplanting corn with soil moisture is the main cultivation method, with 4-5 rows of konjac and 2 rows of corn. The planting specification of konjac is 20cm in row spacing and 25-30cm in plant spacing.
4. Planting taro below10g: The main cultivation method is maize interplanting, with 5-6 rows of konjac and 2 rows of maize. The planting specifications of Amorphophallus konjac are row spacing 15cm and plant spacing of 20cm. The row spacing of konjac planting should not be less than the diameter of taro? 6. The plant spacing should not be less than the diameter of taro? 4. When planting, the taro is slightly inclined to avoid seed rot caused by water accumulation in the bud nest.
(3) Planting method. In konjac planting, planting mode is one of the key factors affecting konjac yield. In the process of planting, it is very important to use rice straw or other crop straws as the bottom, cover seeds and cover soil.
(4) Pre-bud weeding: Before the emergence of Amorphophallus konjac after planting, applying pre-bud herbicides such as prometryne, glyphosate and acetochlor can effectively control weeds on the ground.
Fourth, scientific fertilization.
Amorphophallus konjac is a tuber crop that likes fertilizer and fears barren, and it needs strong fertility. Fertilization is mainly based on farmyard manure, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, with sufficient fertilizer and early topdressing. Only adequate and excellent fertilizers can meet the nutritional needs of konjac. Lack of fertilizer during the growing period will lead to diseases and yield reduction. Amorphophallus konjac absorbs the most potassium, about twice as much as nitrogen. Applying enough potassium fertilizer can effectively promote the synthesis and operation of carbohydrates, make plants strong, enhance the ability of disease resistance and drought resistance, and improve the quality.
(1) seed fertilizer: 3000-4000 kg of fully decomposed farm manure, 30 kg of calcium magnesium phosphate or calcium superphosphate, 0/0 kg of potassium fertilizer/kloc-0, 20-30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer, half of which is used as ditch (pond) base fertilizer and half as seed fertilizer.
(2) Topdressing: 20-30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 65,438+00 kg of potassium fertilizer are applied per mu, and before the konjac leaves are unfolded and closed, they are poured or sprinkled at a position about 65,438+00 cm away from the base of the konjac stem, and the furrow soil is tightly covered. Under the condition of insufficient application of base fertilizer, topdressing urea per mu should not exceed 10 kg. Excessive application of urea will lead to soft rot, and the expansion coefficient of konjac is small, so urea should be applied as little as possible or not.
5. Timely harvest and safe storage
It is best to harvest and dig in 15 days after 70% of the plants are transplanted (usually from the first frost to the end of 1 1). More than 500 grams (konjac flower) can be sold as commercial taro, and less than 500 grams of konjac flower can be stored as seed taro. The safe storage method of seed taro is as follows: first, store the seed taro in a dry place for 3-4 days, then dress the seed with the mixture of plant ash and quicklime 2: 1, classify the seed taro size, and then store it in layers with dry sand. Or put taro seeds with buds on the fence or bamboo mat overhead. In the field of breeding, Amorphophallus konjac can be harvested again in March to reduce the susceptibility rate of taro.
Key points of cultivation techniques of konjac
1. taro must prevent and treat diseases. Because the requirements for planting taro are not strict, taro is directly planted in the field without disease prevention treatment, which is also an important reason for the failure of some farmers to plant konjac.
The planted konjac must be carefully selected to eliminate deformed and susceptible konjac. Amorphophallus konjac with smooth epidermis, light yellow epidermis, round appearance, full bud eyes, short and strong terminal buds, no damage, no disease spots and no decay should be selected as seeds.
Pre-sowing treatment is a simple and effective measure to prevent post-seed diseases of konjac. There are many specific treatments. First of all, in sunny weather, the konjac seeds are exposed to the sun for 2 ~ 3 days, and the taro skin is killed by ultraviolet rays in the sun. Second, where there is plant ash, you can wrap the seeds with thin mud and wrap them with plant ash; The third is to strengthen the balancer with nutrition containing arbuscular mycorrhiza? Enyibi? Soaking seeds can promote the proliferation of beneficial microbial communities in rhizosphere, improve the microecological environment in rhizosphere and enhance the disease resistance and disease prevention ability of konjac; Fourth, soak and disinfect the seed taro with agricultural streptomycin, carbendazim, formalin, transplanting agent and other drugs to kill the germs carried by the seed taro.
After the treated seed taro is graded in size, it is first concentrated in the sterilized seedbed to accelerate germination and raise seedlings, and then transplanted into the field, which can ensure that the seedlings are neat, complete and Miao Zhuang, reduce diseases and improve yield.
2. Create a suitable environment for konjac through intercropping and interplanting. Amorphophallus likes cool and humid environment and is not resistant to high temperature and strong light. High temperature and strong light in summer are important factors leading to the prevalence of konjac diseases when planting konjac in low mountains. In addition to choosing the suitable environment for planting konjac, we can also create a good suitable environment for the growth of konjac through scientific and reasonable intercropping. First, it can be interplanted under sparse broad-leaved forest to provide shade for konjac in summer through trees; Second, it can be intercropped with tall crops such as corn and sorghum, but attention should be paid to selecting lodging-resistant varieties, controlling planting density, preventing the damage of lodging crops to konjac stems and leaves, or konjac diseases caused by poor ventilation and light transmission in the field and frequent agricultural operations; Third, it can be intercropped with sunflower, which has the advantages of providing shade for konjac in summer, knocking off middle and lower leaves, improving ventilation and light transmission in the field, covering the ground where konjac is planted in summer and reducing soil temperature; Fourthly, interplanting sweet potato can lead the potato vines to the surface of konjac, and use the potato vines crawling on the ground to reduce the soil temperature and balance the soil moisture.
In addition, covering the surface with a layer of wheat straw, rice straw or other straws can play a role in cooling, moisturizing and inhibiting weeds in summer, and can also play a certain role in preventing and controlling konjac diseases.
3. Minimize farming operations. Amorphophallus konjac has shallow roots and relatively weak stems and leaves. Too frequent agricultural operations are likely to cause damage to konjac plants, and then bring opportunities for the infection and spread of pathogens, which is very different from planting other crops. Therefore, the management of planting konjac should not be too diligent and meticulous. On the basis of selecting suitable plots and ensuring the quality of taro seeds, we should apply sufficient fertilizer and organic fertilizer as much as possible to continuously improve soil fertility, and at the same time, deeply cultivate and improve soil, enhance soil permeability and water and fertilizer conservation ability, and reduce the number of pests and weeds. After planting konjac, agricultural operations such as topdressing, intertillage, weeding and pesticide application should be minimized to prevent diseases.
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