1950s

1957

The Soviet Union launched mankind's first artificial earth satellite "Sputnik". In response, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) established the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and began to apply science and technology to the military field.

1960s

1961

Leonard Kleinrock of MIT published "Information Flow in Large Communication Nets", (July)

No. A paper on Packet Switching (PS).

1962

MIT's J.C.R. Licklider and W. Clark published "On-Line Man Computer Communication", (August)

Contains distributed social behavior global network concept.

1964

Paul Baran of RAND Corporation published "On Distributed Communications Networks".

Packet-switched network; no egress exists.

1965

ARPA funded research on "cooperative networks for time-sharing computer systems".

The TX-2 computer at MIT Lincoln Laboratory and the Q-32 computer at Systems Development Corporation in Santa Monica, California, are directly connected through a 1200bps telephone line (no packet switching is used). APRA then added computers from Data Equipment Corporation (DEC) to form an "experimental network".

1966

Lawrence G. Roberts of MIT published "Towards a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers", (October)

The first ARPANET project .

1967

At the ARPA IPTO PI meeting held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA, Larry Roberts organized a discussion on the ARPANET design plan. (April)

ACM Operating Principles Symposium was held in Gatlinburg, Tennessee. (October)

Lawrence G. Roberts published the first paper on ARPANET design, "Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication".

First meeting of developers of three independent packet switching networks (RAND, NPL, ARPA).

The National Physical Laboratory (NDL) in Middlesex, UK, developed the National Physical Laboratory Data Network under the chairmanship of D. W. Davies. D. W. Davies

was the first to use "packet" (packet) ) the term person. The NDL network is a packet-switched experimental network that uses a 768kpbs communication line.

1968

Demonstrated packet switching network to Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA).

The proposal for ARPANET was submitted in August and received a response in September.

In October, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) won a contract to establish a network measurement center.

Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc. (BBN) was awarded a contract to build the packet switching portion of the Interface Message Processor (IMP).

U.S. Senator Edward Kennedy sent a telegram of congratulations to BBN Corporation for winning a million-dollar contract from ARPA to build the "Interfaith" (his typo, should be "Interface" interface) message processor , and thank them for their efforts.

The Network Working Group (NWG), a loose organization headed by Steve Crocker, began developing a host-level protocol for APRANET communications.

1969

The U.S. Department of Defense commissioned the development of ARPANET to conduct research on networking.

The interface message processor IMP developed by BBN Company is used to establish the node (Honeywell DDP-516 small computer equipped with 12K memory); AT&T Company provides a communication line with a rate of 50kpbs.

Node 1: UCLA (August 30, accessed on September 2)

Function: Network Measurement Center

Host, operating system: SDS SIGMA 7. SEX

Node 2: Stanford Research Institute (SRI) (October 1)

Function: Network Information Center (NIC)

Host, operation System: SDS940, Genie

Doug Engelbart's plan for "Augmentation of Human Intellect"

Node 3: University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) (November 1)

Function: Culler-Fried interactive mathematics

Host, operating system: IBM 360/75, OS/MVT

Node 4: University of Utah (December) < /p>

Function: Graphics processing

Host, operating system: DEC PDP-10, Tenex

The first RFC document "Host Software" written by Steve Crocker ( April 7).

REC 4: Network Timetable

UCLA’s Charley Kline tried to log in to SRI and sent the first packet. His first attempt was when typing the G of LOGIN. Caused system crash. (October 20 or 29, need to check)

The University of Michigan and Wyoming State University in Michigan established an X.25-based Merit network for their students, teachers and alumni.

The 1970s

1970

First publication on the original ARPANET host-to-host communication protocol: C.S. Carr, S. Crocker, and V.G. Cerf "HOST - HOST Communication Protocol in the ARPA Network", published in the SJCC Conference Proceedings of AFIPS.

AFIPS' first report on ARPANET: "Computer Network Development to Achieve Resource Sharing" (March)

The first packet-switched wireless network developed by Norman Abrahamson of the University of Hawaii Network ALOHAnet starts operation (July).

Connected to ARPANET in 1972.

ARPANET's hosts began using the first host-host protocol, the Network Control Protocol (NCP).

AT&T built the first cross-country 56kbps communication line between UCLA and BBN. This line was later replaced by another line between BBN and RAND. The second line connects MIT and the University of Utah.

1971

15 nodes (23 hosts) are connected to ARPANET: UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab , Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames.

BBN began using the cheaper Honeywell 316 to construct the IMP.

However, since IMP has the limitation that it can only connect to 4 hosts, BBN began to research a terminal IMP (TIP) that can support 64 hosts. (September)

BBN's Ray Tomlinson invented the email program for sending messages over a distributed network. The original program consisted of two parts: an internal email program (SENDMSG) on the same machine and an experimental file transfer program (CPYNET).

1972

BBN's Ray Tomlinson modified the email program for ARPANET, and the program became very popular. Tomlinson's Model 33 teletype uses "@" as the punctuation mark representing the meaning of "in" (March)

Larry Roberts wrote the first email management program (RD), which can send letters List, selectively read, dump files, forward and reply. (July)

The International Conference on Computer Communications (ICCC) organized by Bob Kahn was held at the Hilton Hotel in Washington, D.C., where the ARPANET consisting of 40 computers and Terminal Interface Processors (TIPs) was demonstrated . (October)

During the ICCC conference, psychiatric patient PARRY (at Stanford) and his doctor (at BBN) used computer-to-computer chat to discuss their condition for the first time.

The ICCC General Assembly believed that advanced networking technology requires further collaborative cooperation, which led to the establishment of the International Network Working Group (INWG) in October, and Vinton Cerf was designated as the first chairman. By 1974, the INWG became IFIP's 6.1 working group.

Louis Pouzin led the establishment of France's own ARPANET-CYCLADES.

RFC 318: Telnet specification

1973

ARPANET's first international networking: University of London (UK) and NORSAR (Norway).

The doctoral thesis of Bob Metcalfe of Harvard University first proposed the concept of Ethernet. His concept was tested on the Alto computer at Xerox PARC, the first Ethernet network called the Alto Aloha System (May).

Bob Kahn raised the issue of building the Internet and began research on network interconnection at ARPA. In March, Vinton Cerf drew a sketch of the gateway architecture on the back of an envelope in a San Francisco hotel lobby.

In September, Cerf and Kahn proposed the basic concept of the Internet at the INWG meeting held at the University of Sussex in Birmingham, England.

RFC 454: File Transfer specification

The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specification (RFC 741) and its implementation make it possible to conduct conference notifications on ARPAnet.

SRI (NIC) began publishing ARPANET news in March; it is estimated that there are 2,000 ARPANET users.

ARPA research shows that email accounts for 75% of ARPANET traffic.

Christmas Deadlock -- A hardware failure in Harvard's IMP caused it to send a zero-length broadcast message to all ARPANET nodes, causing all other IMPs to redirect their traffic to Harvard.

(December 25)

RFC 527: ARPAWOCKY

RFC 602: The Stockings Were Hung by the Chimney with Care

1974

Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn published the paper "A Protocol for Packet Network Interconnection", which described the design of the TCP protocol in detail. [IEEE Trans Comm]

BBN began to provide Telenet (a commercial version of ARPANET), the first public packet data service on ARPANET.

1975

DCA (now DISA) takes over the operation and management of the Internet.

Steve Walker established ARPANET's first mailing list (mailing list) MsgGroup. Because the list was not automatically managed initially, Einar Stefferud quickly accepted to become its manager. A cc list about science fiction novels, SF-Lovers, became the most popular unofficial cc list in its early days.

John Vittal developed the full-featured email program MSG, which has email reply, forwarding, and archiving functions.

A satellite connection spanning two oceans (connecting Hawaii and the United Kingdom), the first TCP tests conducted through it were conducted by Stanford, BBN and UCL.

First release of "Jargon File" written by SAIL's Raphael Finkel.

John Brunner publishes the science fiction novel "The Shockwave Rider".

1976

In February, Queen Elizabeth II sent an email from the Royal Signals and Radar Establishment (RSRE) in Malvern.

AT&T's Bell Labs developed UUCP (Unix to Unix File Copy) and released it with UNIX the following year.

Developed multi-processor multi-bus IMP.

1977

Larry Landweber of the University of Wisconsin (Wisconsin) developed THEORYNET to provide email services to more than 100 computer scientists (using their own TELENET-based email system) .

RFC 733: Mail specification

Tymshare company publishes Tymnet.

In July, a demonstration meeting of ARPANET/San Francisco Bay Wireless Packet Switching Network/Atlantic SANNET running the Internet protocol was held. The demonstration meeting used the gateway provided by BBN.

1978

TCP is decomposed into two protocols: TCP and IP. (March)

RFC 748: TELNET RANDOMLY-LOSE Option

1979

From the University of Wisconsin, DARPA, the National Science Foundation (NSF), and many Computer scientists from other universities held a meeting to plan a network connecting computer science departments at various schools (the meeting was organized by Larry Landweber).

Tom Truscott and Steve Bellovin used the UUCP protocol to establish USENET connecting Duke University and UNC. Initially USENET only included the net. news group.

Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw of the University of Essex developed the first multiplayer game MUD, which was called MUD1.

ARPA established the Internet Architecture Control Board (ICCB).

With funding from DARPA, experiments with the Wireless Packet Switching Network (PRNET) began, which is mainly used for communication between cars. ARPANET connects via SRI.

On April 12, Kevin MacKenzie sent an email to MsgGroup, suggesting adding some emoticons to the boring and monotonous text of the email, such as -) to express sticking out the tongue. His suggestions sparked controversy many times and were eventually widely used.

The 1980s

1980

On October 27, ARPANET completely ceased operations due to the unexpected self-reproduction of a status information virus.

BBN’s first IMP based on C/30.

1981

BITNET, "Because It’s Time NETwork".

First of all, the cooperation network established by the City University of New York in the United States, the first node connected is Yale University.

Under the free NJE agreement provided with IBM systems, the "T" in the initials originally stood for "There" instead of "Time".

Provides email services, established an electronic forum server to disseminate information, and also provides file transfer services.

With initial funding provided by the National Science Foundation, computer scientists from Univ of Delaware, Purdue Univ, Univ of Wisconsin, RAND Corporation and BBN collaborated to establish CSNET (Computer Science Network) for those who cannot work with ARPANET provides network services (primarily email services) to scientists connected by the ARPANET. CSNET later became known as the Computer and Science Network.

IMP based on C/30 dominates the network; SAC's first department is eager for C/30's TIP.

The French Telecom company deploys the Minitel (Teletel) network throughout France.

Vernor Vinge publishes the novel "True Names".

RFC 801: NCP/TCP Transition Plan

1982

Norway uses the TCP/IP protocol to access the Internet via SANNET; UCL also connects in the same way enter.

DCA and ARPA developed the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP) for ARPANET, which as a set of protocols are often called the TCP/IP protocol.

This led to the first definition of interconnected networks, that is, "internet" is defined as a group of networks connected using TCP/IP; "Internet" is defined as a group of networks connected through TCP/IP The "internet" connected by protocols.

The U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) announced that the TCP/IP protocol will be the DoD standard network protocol.

EUUG established EUnet (European Unix Network) to provide email and USENET services.

The countries initially connected are the Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP, RFC 827), EGP is used as a gateway between networks.

1983

The University of Wisconsin developed a name server so that users could communicate with another node without knowing the exact path to it.

ARPANET switches from NCP protocol to TCP/IP protocol. (January 1)

Honeywell or multi-bus (Pluribus) IMP is no longer used, and TIP is replaced by TAC (terminal access controller, terminal access controller).

Stuttgart and Korea Internet.

At the beginning of the year, Europe began to establish the Sports Information Network (MINET), which was connected to the Internet in September.

The gateway between CSNET and ARPANET is activated.

ARPANET is divided into ARPANET and MILNET, the latter merged into the Defense Data Network established in 1982. 68 of the existing 113 nodes enter MILNET.

Workstations began to appear, most of them using the Berkeley Unix (4.2 BSD) operating system that included the IP network protocol.

The networking requirement has changed from connecting a separate large-scale time-sharing computer system at each node to the Internet to connecting a local area network to the Internet.

The Internet Action Board (IAB) was established to replace the ICCB.

EARN (European Scientific Research Network) was established. It is very similar to BITNET and uses gateway hardware sponsored by IBM.

Tom Jennings established Fidonet.

1984

The Name Server System (DNS) is introduced.

The number of hosts exceeds 1,000.

JUNET (Japanese Unix Network) using UUCP protocol was built.

The United Kingdom used the Colored Book protocol to build JANET (Joint Academic Network), which was the former SERCnet.

USENET establishes a manually managed news group.

William Gibson completes Neuromancer.

Canada begins a year-long effort to connect universities online. Connecting from Toronto to Ithaca, NetNorth Network connects to BITNET.

News from Kremvax announced that the Soviet Union was connected to USENET.

1985

Worldwide Electronic Connectivity (WELL) begins providing services.

The responsibilities of DNS root domain name management originally handled by DCA and SRI have been transferred to USC's Information Science Institute (ISI), which is responsible for the registration and management of DNS NIC.

On March 15, Symbolics.com became the first registered domain name. The other initial domain names are: cmu.edu, purdue.edu, rice.edu, ucla.edu (April); css.gov (June); mitre.org, .uk (July).

It took 100 years to lay the railway across Canada's east and west coasts, but it only took one year from the beginning to the last Canadian university to be connected to NetNorth.

RFC 968: 'Twas the Night Before Start-up

1986

NSFnet was completed (the backbone network rate is 56K bps).

NSF has established five supercomputing centers in the United States to provide powerful computing capabilities to all users. (Princeton's JVNC, Pittsburgh's PSC, UCSD's SDSC, UIUC's NCSA, Cornell's Theory Center)

This has set off an upsurge in connections to the Internet, especially among universities.

SDSCNET, JVNCNET, SURANET, and NYSERNET funded by NSF began operations.

IAB established the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force. The first IETF meeting was held at Linkabit in San Diego in January.

Under the sponsorship of the Association for Public Computing (SoPAC), the first Freenet conference was held online on July 16 (Cleveland). Management of Freenet's follow-up agenda will be managed by the 1989 National Public Telecommunications Network (NPTN).

In order to improve the transmission efficiency of USENET news on the TCP/IP network, the Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) was developed.

To enable non-IP networks to have domain addresses, Craig Partridge developed Mail Exchanger (MX) records.

USENET was renamed, and its manually managed newsgroup was renamed in 1987.

BARRNET (Bay Area Research Network) using high-speed connection lines was built and began operation in 1987.

AT&T's transmission fiber optic line between Newark, New Jersey, and White Plains, New York, was interrupted, resulting in the interruption of New England states' connections to the Internet. The seven ARPANET backbones in the New England states, all connected together, were down between 1:11 and 12:11 ET on December 12.

1987

NSF signed a cooperation agreement and transferred the management of the NSFnet backbone network to Merit Networks (IBM and MCI also signed agreements with Merit, and the three companies** *Same as participating in management). IBM, MCI, and Merit later jointly established ANS.

UUNET was established with the support of Usenix Fund to provide commercial UUCP services and USENET services. The original UUNET experiment was completed by Rick Adams and Mike O’Dell.

In March, the first TCP/IP Interoperability Conference was held. In 1988 the conference was renamed INTEROP.

An email connection was established between Germany and China using the CSNET protocol, and the first letter was sent from China on September 20.

The 1000th RFC document: "Request For Comments reference guide".

The number of hosts exceeds 10,000.

The number of BITNET hosts exceeds 1,000.

1988

November 2 - An Internet worm spreads across the Internet, affecting approximately 6,000 nodes out of a total of 60,000 nodes.

The Morris Worm incident prompted DARPA to establish CERT (Computer Crisis Rapid Response Team) to deal with such incidents. Worms were the only thing CERT was consulted on this year.

The U.S. Department of Defense adopted the OSI protocol and used TCP/IP as a transition. The U.S. Government OSI Profile (GOSIP) publishes a set of protocols that products purchased by U.S. government departments must support.

The Los Nettos network was built without the use of federal funds and is supported by a number of local institutions (including Caltech, TIS, UCLA, USC, ISI).

NSFNET backbone network rate is upgraded to T1 (1.544M bps).

CERFnet (California Education and Research Network) was established with funding from Susan Estrada.

In December, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) headed by Jon Postel was established. Postel was also the REC file editor and US domain name registration administrator for many years.

Jarkko Oikarinen developed Internet Chat (IRC).

Canada’s regional network is connected to NSFNET for the first time: ONet through Cornell, RISQ through Princeton, and BCnet through the University of Washington.

FidoNet is connected to the Internet and can exchange emails and online news.

The first multicast channel was established between Stanford and BBN in the summer of 1988.

Countries connected to NSFNET: Canada (CA), Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), France (FR), Iceland (IC), Norway (NO), Sweden (SE).

1989

The number of hosts exceeds 100,000.

Companies that provide Internet services in Europe have established RIPE (Reseaux IP Europeens) to provide management and technical support for pan-European IP networks.

For the first time, a commercial e-mail system relayed mail with the Internet: MCI Postal Company exchanged mail through the National Research Initiative (CNRI), *Compuser through the University of Ohio.

CSNET merged into BITNET and established the Research and Education Cooperation Network (CREN). (August)

AARNET - Australian Scientific Research Network - established by AVCC and CSIRO and began providing services the following year.

Clifford Stoll has completed the book "The Cuckoo's Egg", which tells the true story of a German code-breaking team that invaded multiple computer facilities in the United States through the Internet.

UCLA sponsors the Act One symposium to celebrate the 20th anniversary of ARPANET and its retirement. (August)

RFC 1121: Act One - The Poems

RFC 1097: TELNET SUBLIMINAL-MESSAGE Option

Country connected to NSFNET: Australia (AU ), Germany (DE), Israel (IL), Italy (IT), Japan (JP), Mexico (MX), Netherlands (NL), New Zealand (NZ), Puerto Rico (PR), and the United Kingdom (UK).

1990s

1990

ARPANET ceased operations. Mitch Kapor forms Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage and Bill Heelan of McGill University released the archie. Peter Scott (University of Saskatchewan) released Hytelnet. World Online (world.std.com) became the first Internet telephone dial-up access service provider. The ISO Development Environment (ISODE) provides DoD with the means to migrate to the OSI protocol. ISODE software allows running OSI applications in a TCP/IP protocol environment. (:gck:) Canada's 10 regional networks form CA$*$net, which is directly connected to NSFNET as Canada's national backbone network. (:ec1:) The first remotely operated machine, John Romkey's Internet Toaster (it was controlled via the SNMP protocol), was connected to the Internet and made its debut at the Interop conference. Image: Internode, Invisible. RFC 1149: A Standard for the Transmission of IP Datagrams on Avian Carriers RFC 1178: Choosing a Name for Your Computer Countries connected to NSFNET: Argentina (AR), Austria (AT), Belgium (BE), Brazil (BR), Chile (CL), Greece (GR), India (IN), Ireland (IE), South Korea (KR), Spain (ES), Switzerland (CH).

1991

General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet) and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet) join forces after NSF lifts restrictions on commercial use of the Internet Commercial Internet eXchange Association, Inc. (CIX) company is established.

(March) Thinking Machines releases the Wide Area Messaging Server (WAIS) invented by Brewster Kahle. Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill of the University of Minnesota released Gopher. CERN publishes the World-Wide Web (WWW), developed by Tim Berners-Lee. (:pb1:) Philip Zimmerman releases PGP (Pretty Good Privacy). (:ad1:) The National Research and Education Network (NREN) was established under the US High Performance Computing Regulation (Gore 1). The NSFNET backbone network rate is upgraded to T3 (44.736M bps). The communication volume of NSFNET reaches 10^12 bytes/month and 10^10 packets/month. DISA signed a contract with Government Systems Inc., which replaced SRI as the NIC for the US Defense Data Network in May. JANET IP Service (JIPS) started operation, marking the switch from Colored Book to TCP/IP in the software used by the British Academic Network. The IP protocol was originally translated within the X.25 protocol. (:gst:) RFC 1216: Gigabit Network Economics and Paradigm Shifts RFC 1217: Memo from the Consortium for Slow Commotion Research (CSCR) Countries and regions connected to NSFNET: Croatia (HR), Czech Republic (CZ) , Hong Kong (HK), Hungary (HU), Poland (PL), Portugal (PT), Singapore (SG), South Africa (ZA), Taiwan (TW), Tunisia (TN).

1992

The Internet Society (ISOC) was established. (January) IAB changed its name to Internet Architecture Board and became part of the Internet Association. The number of hosts exceeds 1,000,000. Conducted MBONE audio broadcast (March) and video broadcast (November) for the first time. In April, RIPE's Network Coordination Center (NCC) was established to provide address registration and coordination services to European Internet users. (:dk1:) The University of Nevada released the gopher spatial query tool Veronica. The World Bank provides online services. Jean Armor Polly coined the term "surfing the Internet". (:jap:) Brendan Kehoe publishes the book "Zen and the Art of the Internet". (:jap:) Rick Gates starts offering Internet Hunt quizzes. RFC 1300: Remembrances of Things Past RFC 1313: Today's Programming for KRFC AM 1313 - Internet Talk Radio Countries connected to NSFNET: Antarctica (AQ), Cameroon (CM), Cyprus (CY), Ecuador (EC), Estonia (EE) , Kuwait (KW), Latvia (LV), Luxembourg (LU), Malaysia (MY), Slovakia (SK), Slovenia (SI), Thailand (TH), Venezuela (VE).

1993

NSF established InterNIC to provide the following Internet services: (:sc1:) Directory and Database Services (AT&T). Registration Services (Network Solutions Inc.). Information Services (General Atomics Inc./CERFnet).

The White House provides online services (this domain name), so they registered this domain name. Sure enough, after analyzing the domain access log files, they found that many users used the "domain.com" domain name in the example to configure their application software. RFC 1605 : SONET to Sonnet Translation RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9 RFC 1607: A VIEW FROM THE 21ST CENTURY Countries and regions connected to NSFNET: Algeria (DZ), Armenia (AM), Bermuda (BM), Burkina Faso (BF), China (CN), Colombia (CO), Jamaica (JM), Jordan (JO), Lebanon (LB), Lithuania (LT), Macau (MO), Morocco (MA), New Caledonia, Nicaragua (NI), Niger (NE), Panama (PA), Philippines (PH), Senegal (SN), Sri Lanka (LK), Switzerland (SZ), Uruguay (UY), Uzbekistan ( UZ). Top 10 domain names by number of hosts: com, edu, uk, gov, de, ca, mil, au, org, net

1995

NSFNET returned to academic status Network, most backbone network services in the United States are handled by interconnected network service providers. NSF established ultra-high-speed backbone network services (vBNS) to connect supercomputing centers: NCAR, NCSA, SDSC, CTC, and PSC, and the new NSFNET was born in Hong Kong. In order to hunt for a computer "hacker", the police shut down all Internet providers except one, leaving 10,000 people unable to use the Internet. On May 23, Sun released JAVA using audio streaming technology. RealAudio makes it possible to listen to sounds that are close to real on the Internet