Li Fuxing 1 Li Guibao 2

(1. Beijing Public Health Drinking Water Research Institute; 2. Chinese Water Conservancy Society)

Water is the foundation for the survival of all things in the world. Cities are the centers of human civilization, and they are also the places where the human beings who create civilization can live. The relationship between water and cities has never been as important as it is today because of water shortages and pollution, as well as the development of urbanization.

1. The birth and development of cities

From ancient times to the present, from domestic to foreign countries, human beings have lived by water, and many cities were naturally born because of water. During the birth of a city, water directly affected its style and layout. The role of water in cities is comprehensive and consistent.

In ancient my country, communication between cities and towns relied largely on inland waterway shipping. In particular, the Grand Canal that connected the country cultivated a large number of famous towns. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Sui-Tang Grand Canal that traversed the east and west gave birth to a number of famous ancient capitals such as Chang'an, Luoyang, and Bianliang. After the Yuan Dynasty, the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal traversed the north and the south because it connected large cities such as Hangzhou, Nanjing, and Beijing. It became more prosperous, and at the same time, a large number of small and medium-sized cities closely related to it were formed along the canal, such as Yangzhou, Huai'an, Xuzhou, Jining, Liaocheng, Linqing, Dezhou, Cangzhou, Tongzhou, etc. It can be said that if there was no water and no water transportation at that time, it is difficult to imagine how the city could develop and prosper.

The four major ancient civilizations in the world are closely related to water. The ancient Egyptian civilization was born in the Nile River, the ancient Indian civilization originated from the Ganges River, the ancient Babylonian civilization was born on both sides of the Tigris River and the Euphrates River, and the Yellow River Civilization Become the mother river that nurtures Chinese civilization. Most modern cities are built and developed on the basis of ancient towns. Many large cities and economically developed areas at home and abroad are mostly located near major rivers, such as the Pearl River Delta and cities along the Yangtze River in my country, the Rhine Economic Belt in Europe, and the Mississippi River in the United States. The development of cities is inseparable from water. The development of cities has also promoted the development of aquaculture and water culture. However, the rapid development and expansion of cities have also brought water problems to the cities: water shortage and water pollution.

The presence of water makes the city full of vitality, while the lack of water makes the city decline. Zhuxian Town, Kaifeng, Henan, one of the four famous towns in ancient my country, was located at the strategic point of land and water at the canal entrepot during the Northern Song Dynasty. Its unique geographical location made it a prosperous land and water dock. However, later on, the canal was blocked for many years and water transportation was not smooth. , commerce gradually declined, and the city also lost its vitality, becoming a little-known desolate town. The other three towns, namely Jingdezhen in Jiangxi, Foshan in Guangdong, and Hankou in Hubei, still rely on the vitality of water and are quite famous.

The development and prosperity of modern cities also benefit from the development of water and its culture. "There is heaven above, and there are Suzhou and Hangzhou below." The reason why Hangzhou is famous all over the world is precisely because of the beautiful and clean West Lake. In contrast, Wuhan's East Lake, apart from being the largest urban lake in China and one of the first batch of top 4A-level scenic spots in the country, does not seem to make people think of more, so there is a comment like "East Lake is big, West Lake is famous". In addition to the poor cultural heritage of East Lake compared with West Lake, the deterioration of water quality, the lake surface was once occupied, and the loss of resources are also among the reasons that hinder the development of East Lake.

"Water can carry a boat, but it can also overturn it." Dujiangyan City is named and world-famous for the Dujiangyan Irrigation Project built by Li Bing and his sons more than 2,000 years ago. From this point of view, the rise and fall of a city is closely related to water. Only by having a healthy water system and being able to scientifically allocate and rationally utilize water, so that water and the city can be perfectly integrated, can the city develop well. Throughout history, whether in foreign countries or in China, areas rich in water resources have always been the places with the most prosperous population and economy. The famous water city of Venice in Italy is a typical example. On the contrary, areas lacking water resources have significantly lower population and economic strength than the former.

2. Urban water issues in my country

In the long history of Chinese civilization, water control and revitalization have always been a major event for the rejuvenation of the country and the security of the country.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially since the reform and opening up, in response to the severe situation of my country's rapid economic and social development and the increasingly prominent contradiction between resources and the environment, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have placed the solution of water resources issues in an important position and adopted a series of major policy measures. For more than 30 years of reform and opening up, my country's economy has maintained a high annual growth rate of nearly 10%, while the total water consumption has achieved slight growth. Especially in the past 10 years, some areas have achieved zero growth or even negative growth; accounting for 60% of the world average per capita The comprehensive water consumption ensures the rapid growth of the national economy that is three times the average growth rate of the world economy. Since the implementation of the national “Eleventh Five-Year Plan”, water consumption per 10,000 yuan of industrial added value has dropped by 30%, and water consumption per 10,000 yuan of GDP has dropped by 20%. Both energy-saving and emission reduction indicators have been completed on an annual basis.

However, more people but less water, uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources, and mismatch with productivity layout are not only the outstanding water situation in my country at this stage, but also the basic national situation that our country will face in the long term. The situation of water environment protection is still very serious and we face many difficulties and challenges.

In cities, due to the highly dense population and the rapid development and expansion of their economies, as well as the continuous occurrence of droughts, floods and water pollution accidents, urban water problems have become more prominent.

(1) Water shortage

Water shortage is a common problem in cities in my country, and it has a growing trend. There are about 655 cities in the country, and nearly two-thirds of them suffer from water shortages to varying degrees, of which more than 110 cities are severely short of water. The famous South-to-North Water Diversion Project was built to solve the water shortage in the northern region. This can solve the serious water shortage situation in big cities such as Beijing and Tianjin.

In fact, urban water diversion has been around for a long time. The earliest project is the "Diverting Luan River to Tianjin (Tianjin)" project. The shortage of water resources restricts the construction and development of Tianjin's cities and affects the normal life of citizens. In order to solve the urban water problem, the State Council decided in September 1981 to build a water diversion project from Luanhe to Tianjin, which would divert water from the Luanhe River across the basin from more than 300 kilometers away. In 1963, Hong Kong suffered a severe drought that was rare in history. In order to solve the water shortage problem in Hong Kong, the Chinese government allocated special funds to build the Dongshen Water Supply Project, which was completed and put into operation in March 1965. Subsequently, water diversion projects include "Diversion of Luan River into Tangshan (Tangshan)", "Diversion of Bi into Lian (Dalian)", "Diversion of Yellow River into Qingdao (Qingdao)", "Diversion of Yellow River into Shanxi (Taiyuan, Datong, Shanxi)", "Diversion of Yellow River into Shanxi Province (Taiyuan, Datong)", Diversion of the Yangtze River to Taihu (Taihu Lake)", "North-to-South Water Diversion in the Northeast (part of the water in the Songhua River Basin is transferred to the Liaohe River to supplement part of the water in the middle and lower reaches of the Liaohe River and areas along the water diversion line in Jilin Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region)", "Diversion of water from Gansu to Da Entering Qin (the Datong River water is transferred across the basin to the Qinwangchuan area)" and so on.

Another type is water-quality water-scarce cities. For example, Hefei City is a typical water-scarce city. Although Chao Lake has abundant water, its water body shows serious eutrophication. In particular, the water quality of the western half of the lake is Class V or worse than Class V water most of the year. In 2003, Hefei City Urban domestic water supply stopped taking water from Chaohu Lake and had to be diverted from Xianghongdian and Foziling reservoirs upstream. It can be seen that not enough attention is paid to water pollution problems and water conservation. As a result, there is no water to drink at the water's edge, and we have to go far away to get water. Similarly, due to water pollution in Dianchi Lake in Yunnan, water had to be diverted from central Yunnan. Water diversion from other basins has become the most fundamental measure to revive Dianchi Lake.

(2) Water pollution

At present, nearly 100 million urban residents across the country are affected by unsafe water quantity and quality. It is the task of ensuring urban drinking water safety and sudden water pollution incidents. Very daunting. In 2009, 397 centralized drinking water sources were monitored in key cities across the country, including 244 surface water sources and 153 underground water sources. Monitoring results show that the amount of water that does not meet the standard is 5.88 billion tons, accounting for 27%.

The urban water environment is seriously polluted, water pollution accidents occur frequently, and some pollution has caused adverse effects. For example, in November 2005, an explosion occurred at the bisbenzene plant of PetroChina Jilin Petrochemical Company, causing a large amount of benzene pollutants to enter the Songhua River water body, triggering a major water environment pollution incident and causing a 4-day water outage in Harbin. In May 2007, an outbreak of blue algae in Taihu Lake caused a sudden change in the quality of tap water in the homes of a large number of residents in urban areas of Wuxi City, making them unable to drink normally. This led to an unprecedented water resource crisis in Wuxi, and the urban area was without water for several days.

It can be seen that water pollution has become an important "bottleneck" for the rapid development of my country's national economy. If the water pollution problem cannot be solved well, the development of the national economy will be severely restricted.

The main water problems faced by cities can be summarized as follows: most urban rivers are cut off, sewage discharge continues to increase, river water quality deteriorates, and algae outbreaks occur frequently; river sections continue to shrink, various garbage accumulates along the banks, and rivers are blocked. Severe water shortages, reduced drainage functions, and flowing water areas have turned into stagnant water; river channel management has become rigid, too artificial, and the ecological landscape layout is poor; urban water surfaces are insufficient and water areas have been encroached upon.

3. Water and Urban Planning and Development

Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, my country’s urbanization development level has increased from 17.90 in 1978 to 45.68 in 2008; from 1978 to 2007 In 2017, the total number of cities in the country increased from 216 to 655, more than tripling; the population urbanization rate increased from 17.92 to 44.94, and the urban population reached 607 million, which shows the rapid development speed. All types of cities at all levels develop in an all-round way. Among them, the number of small cities with less than 200,000 people increased from 116 at the beginning of reform and opening up to 286, an increase of nearly 1.5 times. The population of small cities increased from 13.31 million to 37.601 million, an increase of 1.8 times; from 200,000 to 50 The number of medium-sized cities with a population of 10,000 increased from 60 to 232, an increase of 2.8 times; the population increased from 18.768 million to 74.101 million, an increase of 2.9 times; the number of cities with a population of 500,000 to 1 million increased from 27 82, an increase of more than twice, the population increased from 19.947 million to 56.015 million, an increase of 1.8 times; the number of megacities with more than 1 million people increased from 13 to 58, an increase of 3.5 times, and the urban population increased from 29.883 million 148.301 million, an increase of 3.9 times, making it the fastest growing city.

With the continuous acceleration of urbanization, the shortage of urban water resources and the harm of water pollution to the environment and ecology, as well as water quality-type water shortage problems have become increasingly serious, posing challenges to the utilization of urban water resources and The protection of the water environment has put forward higher and more urgent requirements; the expansion of urban scale and the improvement of urban functions have put forward higher requirements for water quantity, water quality, water environment, water ecology, water safety, water landscape, water culture, etc. Require. This is a new and important challenge for the water industry.

To this end, the water conservancy department proposed that economic and social development and water conservation, water environment management, and water ecological protection must be considered as a whole, and the most stringent water resources management system must be implemented to promote economic and social development and water resources carrying capacity. capacity and water environment carrying capacity to achieve sustainable economic and social development. The environmental protection department proposed to more organically combine environmental protection with promoting the transformation of development methods, pollution reduction and promoting strategic adjustments to economic structure, and environmental governance with ensuring and improving people's livelihood, in order to solve outstanding environmental problems that endanger people's health and affect sustainable development. Focus on giving full play to the comprehensive role of environmental protection in optimizing economic growth.

However, at present, my country's urban planning is still led and compiled by the construction authorities, and there is insufficient coordination between urban master planning, water resources planning and environmental protection planning. No matter how the city develops, water must always come first. Human survival and development are inseparable from water resources. The survival and development of cities depend on water. Urban landscaping requires an excellent water environment.

(1) Urban planning should be based on water and depend on the amount of water

Most cities are developed on the basis of good water sources. Cities have the highest concentration of water users and the highest concentration of water users. The areas with the highest intensity, water supply guarantee rate and water quality requirements are also the areas with the most prominent contradiction between water supply and demand. In urban planning and construction, we rarely consider the carrying capacity of resources, and fail to determine scale and development based on water. Therefore, urban planning should be based on water, which means that the size and development of the city must be determined by measuring water. At the same time, water conservation and water reuse must be considered in planning. On the one hand, cities are crying out for water shortage, but on the other hand, there is a huge waste of water in cities.

Due to the lack of consideration of water resources endurance in the urban planning and construction process, the overexploitation of water resources in North China has exceeded 100 billion cubic meters, equivalent to the water volume of two Yellow Rivers, forming the world's largest groundwater funnel area. Due to over-exploitation of groundwater, groundwater funnels of varying sizes have formed in more than 60 cities and regions in my country. From Shanghai in the east to Urumqi in the west, from Harbin in the north to Haikou in the south, almost all large and medium-sized cities have experienced a decline in groundwater levels caused by over-exploitation of groundwater. Cities are particularly affected. For example, the accumulated subsidence in Suzhou over the past 50 years is more than 60 meters, and the subsidence area covers almost the entire city of Suzhou.

Urban planning should take water resources carrying capacity as one of its guiding ideas, reform and improve urban planning procedures, and strengthen coordination between urban planning and water resources planning and management. Urban planning should fully consider urban water resources. Unified management of resources and possible measures, and reflect them in a certain form as necessary content. In the past work process, the comprehensive water resources planning did not have a strong binding effect on the city's overall planning. However, the comprehensive water resources planning formulated based on the city's overall planning emphasized its service nature and was often a "demand-based" plan. The city The subjectivity of development greatly affects the rationality of water resources allocation. Therefore, urban master planning should be formulated with water resources as the constraint. Urban master planning is the leading plan for determining urban development, and comprehensive water resources planning is an important basis for determining urban development. The "Urban and Rural Planning Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates that "the formulation and implementation of urban and rural planning should follow the principles of urban and rural coordination, rational layout, land conservation, intensive development and planning first before construction, improve the ecological environment, and promote resource and energy conservation. and comprehensive utilization, protect cultivated land and other natural resources and historical and cultural heritage, maintain local characteristics, ethnic characteristics and traditional styles, prevent pollution and other public hazards, and comply with regional population development, national defense construction, disaster prevention and reduction and public health and public health ***Security needs”. The "National Water Law of the People's Republic of China" stipulates that "river basin comprehensive planning, regional comprehensive planning and professional planning closely related to land use shall be consistent with the national economic and social development plan, overall land use planning, urban overall planning and environmental protection The planning should be coordinated and the needs of various regions and industries should be taken into account."

For example, in the early stages of planning, the "Beijing Urban Master Plan (2004-2020)" particularly emphasized the constraints on urban development caused by the carrying capacity of the ecological environment and water resources conditions. When demonstrating Beijing's appropriate population size, it focused on demonstrating the population size under the conditions of water resources carrying capacity. The "Research on Water Resources Carrying Capacity and Construction of Suitable Production and Lifestyle in Beijing" completed by the water affairs department was used to determine Beijing's 2020 The total population control scale provides a quantitative basis. At the same time, a chapter on "saving, protection and utilization of resources and energy" was added to the plan, which proposed the goal of building an advanced water-saving society and the principles of urban construction based on the amount of water, total control, and overall allocation, especially Strengthen the principles of water resource allocation in key development areas.

(2) Urban planning should be based on water, quantity and quality

Stable water supply and its quantity are the basis of urban planning, and a good water environment is the foundation of the city. Image is a symbol of urban civilization, represents the taste of the city, and embodies the characteristics of the city. Water environment is the basis for improving the living environment. As a water town city, the daily life of the citizens is closely related to water. Living by the river and choosing water is the first choice of water town citizens. Therefore, urban water environment planning is also an important part of the overall urban development plan, and it is also an important aspect of urban human settlement environment planning.

Water environment planning and construction must strive to create urban characteristics, create new highlights of the city, and demonstrate the city’s personality. To reflect ecology and hydrophilicity. Mountains would not be beautiful without clear water, and cities would not be beautiful without water. Human beings are naturally hydrophilic. With the development of economy and society, the living standards of the general public have been greatly improved, and they have higher requirements for the living environment and quality of life. People yearn for nature.

Improving the urban water ecological environment and fully embodying the landscape function of the urban water environment is a very important aspect of improving the living environment and quality of life of citizens, and is an important symbol of urban civilization. Therefore, fully embodying ecology and hydrophilicity has become the focus of modern urban water environment construction.

Water environment construction must integrate multiple functions. The nature of urban water environment determines its multi-functionality. The construction of urban water environment must maximize the overall layout of urban water conservancy, urban construction supporting facilities, environmental protection, cultural layout, and tourism development. In addition to the functions of flood control, water storage, environmental protection and urban construction, it should also be given the function of landscape, cultural function and the function of improving the taste of the city.

The scale and layout of the city must conform to the natural carrying capacity of local water and soil resources, environmental capacity, geological structure, etc., and be compatible with local economic development, employment space, infrastructure and public service supply capabilities. ; Environmental protection must adhere to prevention first and comprehensive management, strengthen the prevention and control of pollution from the source, and resolutely change the situation of polluting first and then treating, and treating and polluting at the same time. In recent years, many cities have not implemented environmental protection plans simultaneously with urban planning and urban construction, or in the overall plans of many cities, the discussion of environmental protection often only focuses on the description of the treatment of each pollution point, thus making the city The environment has been damaged to a certain extent and environmental pollution has become increasingly serious, resulting in urban environmental construction not being able to enter the track of healthy development. Therefore, with the implementation of the urbanization strategy and the advancement of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, people's requirements for the living environment are increasing day by day. Environmental protection in urban planning, especially water environment protection, has received increasing attention from governments at all levels. .

Anqing City, Anhui Province focuses on the "five aspects" in water environment construction, namely culture, lighting, beautification, purification, and greening. Its experience and practices are worthy of learning and reference by relevant cities. Wuhan is known as the "city of hundreds of lakes" and is rich in water resources. It can be said that "living by water, prospering by water, and taking pride in water". They regard water resources as a core element related to people's lives and sustainable urban development. From the strategic perspective of ensuring rational urban water use and sustainable utilization of water resources, they vigorously promote water conservation, water environment protection and waterfront landscape construction, 2009 In March of this year, it was named "National Water-saving City". The Hankou River Beach in Wuhan, through the strengthening of flood control projects and the creation of waterfront landscapes, can effectively prevent floods during the flood season and provide citizens with a good place for leisure and entertainment on weekdays; the place that used to be messy and often hit by floods is now It has become the most beautiful scenery in Wuhan. Since 2002, the six-lake connection has been proposed to integrate the water landscape with the city and improve the quality and landscape of the city. From 1973 to 1995, Guilin City spent more than 20 years focusing on pollution control; from 1996 to 2005, it focused on ecological restoration of urban lakes; from 2006 to now, it began the construction of comprehensive ecological restoration. At present, the ecological restoration of urban lakes and rivers in Guilin is interconnected and connected. In the future, Guilin will be "surrounded by thousands of peaks and surrounded by wild mountains, and three rivers embrace the city." Taizhou City’s water system planning, in which the improvement of the Phoenix River is the epitome of Taizhou’s water culture and water landscape management. Through comprehensive improvement, the Phoenix River not only restored a natural ecological river in the past, but also fully reflected that it is a river with a humanistic atmosphere.

In short, there are many urban water-friendly landscapes across the country. They have a positive impact on exploring the connotation of urban culture and water culture, improving the overall taste of the city, adjusting the layout of tourism development, and shaping the image of an international metropolis. And far-reaching historical significance. All large, medium and small cities should take into account the city's own scale, natural conditions, economic capacity and technical level, adapt measures to local conditions and act according to their capabilities; give full play to the ingenuity of workers in the water conservancy, art and construction industries to carry out urban water conservancy projects Carry out careful design and careful construction to achieve the foundation of water culture without endangering the life and property safety of the city and people.

(3) Urban planning should involve the participation and coordination of water-related departments

Water is the blood of the city, the basic need for urban people’s lives, and the key to urban economic development. Basic security is the spirituality of the city.

For cities, water is not only the basic condition for production and life, but also an indispensable and valuable resource for ecological construction, economic construction, cultural construction, and social construction. Making full use of precious water resources is an inevitable choice to enhance the taste of the city, increase the charm of the city, prosper the urban economy, and improve urban life.

To realize the harmonious development of people and water, water-friendly cities and waterfront cities, multi-sector cooperation, communication and coordination are necessary. Water resources should be managed in a unified manner, water quality and quantity should be coordinated, and water resources allocation should be carried out step by step. In this regard, Heilongjiang Province’s approach is worth learning from.

In 2009, Heilongjiang Province comprehensively promoted the planning and construction of waterfront cities, using water to prosper the city and enrich the city. Harbin City proposed "water-based city planning" for the first time in domestic urban planning and construction. Four requirements for waterfront city planning and construction are put forward, namely:

First, we must do a good job in water resource planning for waterfront cities. Establish an ecological concept and pay attention to environmental protection; establish a cultural concept and protect the city's historical and cultural heritage; establish a functional concept and strengthen infrastructure construction to meet the various needs of the city; establish a fashion concept and pay attention to characteristics in style to reflect the atmosphere, aura, and Delicate; establish economic concepts and promote urban economic development and industrial structure adjustment.

Second, we must do a good job in protecting water resources in waterfront cities. It is necessary to combine the planning and construction of urban waterfront areas with the implementation of key national river pollution control projects and key people's livelihood projects such as Heilongjiang Province's "Three Supply and Two Controls", and accelerate the construction of waterfront urban sewage and garbage treatment projects. It is necessary to combine the construction of flood control embankments in waterfront cities with landscape construction to ensure embankment safety.

Third, we must do a good job in developing water resources in waterfront cities. We should pay attention to the comprehensive utilization of multiple functions such as culture, leisure, trade, and tourism; we should vigorously promote the development of waterfront urban tourism and accelerate the construction of waterfront tourist areas such as Wudalianchi, Jingbo Lake, and Xingkai Lake.

Fourth, we must do a good job in water resource management in waterfront cities. Strengthen the publicity and implementation of the country's "Urban and Rural Planning Law" and law enforcement supervision and inspection, rationalize the management system, and jointly manage and use water resources well.

In short, we should fully realize that cities cannot "get bigger and bigger", compete with each other in urban construction, be greedy for big things, and waste money and people on "image projects". The development of cities must be of a moderate scale. , striving to achieve a balance between urban construction and the natural environment. We should clearly realize that water transfer is not a panacea, it is only a way to solve the problem of water pollution and water shortage. The development of any city will be restricted by resources and the environment to a certain extent. We must find a third way to solve the water problem, develop a low-water economy, and create a water-saving society; we must use water to determine the city and measure the water to determine the city. We must establish the goal of “supporting sustainable economic and social development through sustainable utilization of water resources” and pursue the concept of harmonious development between man and water. To achieve harmonious development of cities and water, we must adhere to the principles of coordinated development of economy, society, environment and ecology, the intergenerational principle of resource utilization and the principle of coordinated development between regions; coordinate the water quality guarantee and water quantity guarantee of water resources, and ensure the total amount of water resources. Macro control and micro management of water quotas, urban water supply system security and ecosystem security, urban scale development needs and water resource carrying capacity constraints.

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