First, the cultivation mode of lotus root
1, lotus seed propagation
We must first break the concave end of the shell and soak it in water at 26-30 degrees to accelerate germination. After the buds grow out, continue to soak in water to prevent dehydration and atrophy. When the seedlings grow to 4 leaves 1 whip, they can be planted in the field. Using the method of lotus seed propagation, the initial growth is slow, and it is necessary to raise seedlings in the reserve 1 month in advance to ensure the formation of lotus roots with commercial value in that year.
2. Whole lotus propagation
The whole lotus root mainly includes three kinds: main lotus root, sub-lotus root and sun lotus root. When planting, plant the whole lotus root at a certain spacing. When planting, we should pay attention to insert the top of the whole lotus root obliquely into the mud, and the tail tip is slightly exposed from the mud surface, which is beneficial to the survival of the root system of the lotus root.
3. Lotus root breeding
The sub-lotus root is the lateral branch of the main lotus root, and generally has 1-4 nodes. The closer to the top of the main lotus root, the fewer the sub-lotus nodes, and the more the sub-lotus nodes near the top. No matter how many knots there are, they can be cut off for breeding lotus roots.
4. Cultivation of lotus
We can generally use the 1 segment at the top of the main lotus root or the secondary lotus root as the seed lotus root, but we must not damage the terminal bud of the lotus root head.
5, lotus root festival propagation
This method uses axillary buds on lotus root nodes for propagation. Generally, a section of 5-6 cm long is cut from the lotus root node as the seed lotus root.
6, terminal bud propagation
The propagation of terminal buds is to cut off the buds at the top of the main lotus root or the secondary lotus root together with the basal nodes and insert them into the soft soil seedbed in time for cultivation. When cutting, if the temperature is low, it needs to be covered with plastic film. When adventitious roots grow on the basal nodes of terminal buds and 2-3 leaflets grow on the top, and the ambient temperature is stable above 15 degrees, lotus roots can be planted. When planting, we need to bury adventitious roots and lotus roots in the mud, and the leaflets need to be exposed in the water. After transplanting, attention should be paid to shallow water irrigation to increase mud temperature and promote the early growth of lotus root.
Second, high-yield planting techniques of lotus root
1, land selection and land preparation
Before planting lotus root, the lotus root field should be irrigated and raked flat, and base fertilizer should be applied in combination with cultivated land. Generally, basal fertilizer should be applied 15 days before planting. When planting lotus roots in spring, more basic fertilizers should be applied, and 2000-2500 kg of decomposed farmyard manure, 40-50 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 20-25 kg of potassium sulfate should be applied to one mu of lotus root field. If it is planted in autumn, you can apply less base fertilizer. Apply decomposed farmyard manure 1000-2000 kg, compound fertilizer 15-20 kg and potassium sulfate 10- 15 kg per mu. Three days before planting, the lotus root field should be disinfected with quicklime, and 40-50 kilograms should be applied to an acre of land, which can be leveled and then raked, which can play a role in disinfecting the lotus root field. Before planting lotus roots in spring, apply 50-60 kilograms of quicklime powder to an acre of land. After that, plough deeply for 20-30 cm, rake finely and level. Rake again 1 time within 1-2 days before sowing, and keep the water depth at 3-5cm, so as to remove weeds at the edge of the field.
2. Variety selection
According to the local market demand, use and planting environment, lotus roots are generally divided into field lotus roots, pond lotus roots, lotus roots and pink lotus roots. Field lotus root is suitable for planting in shallow water and shallow soil, and it is a kind of lotus root that people especially like to eat.
When selecting lotus seeds, we should choose lotus seeds with obvious characteristics, smooth cortex, full maturity, thick back nodes, full lotus seeds and basically the same lotus seeds direction. In rural areas, there is such a formula: big net-three pairs-one is smooth and clever. The big webbed bud sheath is thick and bulging, and three pairs have three complete lotus roots. One is straight: the lotus buds are slightly inclined in one direction.
3, timely sowing
The planting time of lotus root is generally in late March of each year. If planted too early, low soil temperature is not conducive to germination, lotus seeds are easy to rot; If it is planted too late and the stems and buds are long, it will be easily damaged. The planting density of lotus root is 2m, the hole spacing is about1.5m, and the seed consumption per mu is125-200kg. The general planting depth of lotus root is 10- 15 cm, and the soil should be covered in time after planting 10 cm to facilitate rooting. When planting lotus roots, the lotus roots around the ridge face the field. After planting is completed, we should often conduct on-the-spot inspections. If floating seedlings are found, we need to replant them.
4. Rational topdressing
For lotus root field, in addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be based on the principle of small amount and multiple times during growth. When 2-3 vertical leaves newly grow on each seed lotus root, topdressing should be started in time, with quick-acting fertilizer as the main fertilizer, and ammonium bicarbonate and calcium superphosphate 10 kg should be used in each mu of lotus root field; The second fertilization time is generally 1 after fertilization 15-20 days, and ammonium bicarbonate and calcium superphosphate 15 kg are applied to each mu of land, and 5- 10 kg of urea is added; The third fertilization should be carried out when the vertical leaves of lotus root are basically full in the field, and it is suitable to apply potassium fertilizer again to promote the expansion of lotus root. Urea and potassium chloride should be applied to each mu of lotus root field at an interval of about 15-20k g, and the application amount should be consistent. Before each topdressing, it is necessary to put a shallow water level properly, and the fertilizer must not be sprinkled on the leaves. If spilled, water it with clear water immediately to avoid scalding the leaves. Be especially careful when fertilizing the lotus root for the last two times, and try to step on the newly formed small lotus root and lotus root whip as little as possible, so as not to affect the total output of lotus root.
5. Scientific water management
The growth and development of lotus root mainly includes three growth periods: budding growth period, vigorous growth period and lotus root bearing period. Germination growth period, that is, the stage from planting lotus root to leaf emergence: shallow water level is required to facilitate the increase of soil temperature, early germination and early leaf emergence; The vigorous growth period is generally from the beginning of erect leaves to the end of leaves: stems and leaves grow fast, need more fertilizer, and the water level is deep, which is conducive to the growth of lotus leaves; Lotus-lotus period is a period from blooming flowers to gradually enriching and rounding new lotus roots: the new lotus roots are full and need more fertilizer, so the water level should be lowered to facilitate the continuous enrichment of the new lotus roots. Therefore, it is necessary to master the principle of "shallow-deep-shallow" pipe water, and keep 3-6 cm shallow water from planting to vertical leaves; After the emergence of erect leaves, the water level rises to 16- 19 cm, which needs to be deepened to 26-30 cm in July and August every year, and then drops to 3-6 cm after the emergence of leaves stops.
Step 6 adjust plants
In early May every year, in order to ensure the even distribution of lotus roots in the field, the growth direction of lotus roots should be adjusted in time, and the lotus root whip near the ridge should be introduced into the field. When you turn your head, you need to drag the lotus root tip together with the soil, and then press it together with the soil, which requires a lot of operations. Usually turn around at noon. In addition, try to adjust the lotus roots that are too dense to sparse places. After 30 days of planting, when the lotus leaves are full of fields, they should be picked to effectively reduce nutrient consumption.
7, intertillage weeding
Before the lotus leaves are closed in the lotus field, weeds should be removed in time in combination with fertilization, and then put into the mud as fertilizer to achieve the purpose of removing weeds and blocking, and at the same time achieve the purpose of intertillage and loosening the soil. After planting 1 month or so, the floating leaves will wither gradually, so it is necessary to pick them in time during intertillage weeding to promote sunlight to penetrate into the water, which can improve the soil temperature well. After the lotus leaves in the lotus field are luxuriant and closed, it is not appropriate to work in the fields again, so as not to hurt the lotus body.
Third, the prevention and control of common diseases and pests of lotus root
1, agricultural control
In order to avoid diseases, first of all, we should choose excellent and early-maturing varieties with strong disease resistance, rationally implement crop rotation and adopt paddy-upland crop rotation. Generally, it is necessary to choose disease-free fields as Taneda and plant disease-free lotus roots. In addition, it is necessary to clear the fields in time, strengthen weeding, and effectively reduce the source of pests and diseases.
2, physical prevention and control
For the pests in the lotus root field, we usually manually remove the eggs and leaves of Spodoptera litura, trap and kill adults with frequency-vibrating insecticidal lamps, and set up yellow boards in the field to trap and kill winged aphids.
3. Biological control
Biological pesticides such as agricultural streptomycin, neophytomycin and Bacillus thuringiensis should be used to control lotus root diseases and insect pests, and the effect is excellent.
4. Chemical control
The diseases of lotus root are mainly rot and brown spot. For lotus root rot, we can soak the seed lotus root with 500- 1000 times solution of 50% carbendazim wettable powder or 600- 1000 times solution of 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder before planting. At the early stage of the disease, 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder and 75% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder can be used to mix fine soil and spread it in the lotus field for control. It is suggested to use 1000- 1500 times of 75% thiophanate methyl wettable powder or 600-800 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder for spray control when lotus root brown spot occurs. It is best to take the medicine alternately for 2-3 times continuously, with an interval of 10- 15 days.
The pests of lotus root are mainly aphids and Spodoptera litura. Aphids are generally harmful in the early growth stage, and can be controlled by spraying 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1000-2000 times or 2.5% deltamethrin EC 1000- 1500 times. Spodoptera litura is generally harmful in the late growth stage, and 5% acetamiprid EC 1500-2000 times solution or Bacillus thuringiensis wettable powder can be used for control, and 800 kg of liquid medicine can be sprayed on each mu.
Conclusion: Lotus root is not only a nutritious vegetable food, but also has high added value. In recent years, the output of lotus root has been hovering, mainly due to unscientific cultivation measures and unreasonable fertilization. Therefore, farmers urgently need to learn the high-yield cultivation and management techniques of lotus root.
(This article is forwarded)
Edited on 20 19- 12-24, the copyright belongs to the author.