To put it simply, it makes me cold to think of Joan.
Slightly sweet loves the coolness of sugarcane pith;
Maoling is thirsty for wine and dust,
May North Korea give me a taste.
According to the provisions of the Mongolian yuan system, whenever the country meets "the court meeting, the celebration, the ancestors coming to the court, the old people are fortunate and have gifts." (See Lei for "Preface to the Grand Ceremony of the World") "Cheating the Horse Banquet" is the most grand swallowing ceremony. Kyle Poirot said that it was thirteen times a year in the Yuan Dynasty. According to the research of Professor Xing from the Institute of Mongolian History of Inner Mongolia Normal University, the horse racing banquet of Genghis Khan's Kim family is grand and luxurious, with distinct levels, and kumiss is the first banquet. The horse racing banquet in the Mongol Khanate era was mainly held in the location of the Khan Palace, Genghis Khan was probably in the "fundamental place" of the source of wotan River, Wokuotai Khan was in the mountainous area near Alain and Hara Helin in the upper reaches of the Cullen River, and Guiyouhan was in Dalanda Pa, half a race away from Hara Helin ... The location in the middle and late Yuan Dynasty was on the outskirts of Shangdu. The significance of holding a horse racing banquet is that Genghis Khan's golden family used it to win over their relatives. The first project is to read the ancestral training-Genghis Khan's miscellaneous books (miscellaneous books are Mongolian, meaning code). The main contents are: the vassals, kings and officials should wholeheartedly support Khan, carry forward the merits of their ancestors and protect their ancestors forever. There are three kinds of royal wines in "Cheating Horse Banquet": Ma Tong, Ha Ciji and wine. The preferred variety of Ma Tong is koumiss. Ha Ciji also wrote wine grains in Chinese, which is equivalent to today's liquor. Yu Ji's Ancient Records of Daoism describes the "drinking cup" (that is, "drinking") at the horse racing banquet, commonly known as "from the emperor to the prince, if you raise wine, you must praise it and drink a cup for it", which is called "Wotok" in Mongolian. Sweat is about to enter the wine, and the waiter kneels in the first half of the wine, and all of them kneel after three steps. Now the whole audience knelt down and the emcee shouted "Ha!" Accompanied by clouds and drum music, the music stopped sweating. Everybody reset, and then drink. During the dinner, Khan often "hands the cups to my deputies to show luck". My deputies have to kneel for half a cup before they go in and kneel after three steps. The finished glass is not sweaty, but delivered to the waiter; Or "Life of Nine Kings". This custom of drinking from a cup has been preserved by Mongols to this day. The barrel in the big tent is called "wine sea", which can hold hundreds of pounds (or more than 30 stones) of Ramulus Akebiae. In its south, there are 60 waiters for horse racing banquet, also known as "drinkers", among whom 20 are in charge of stable boy, 20 are in charge of wine cellar and 20 are in charge of food. The small urn around the drinker's "crown Tang hat, offering the same fragrance" and "big wine sea" contains drinks such as mare's milk, camel milk and wine. Kumiss is one of the most important and necessary sacrifices for the Mongolian people to pay homage to Genghis Khan. According to the article "Traditional Memorial to Genghis Khan's Mausoleum", May 21st (that is, March 21st of the lunar calendar) in Genghis Khan's era is the largest and most grand sacrificial activity in a year. The white camel pulled the cart of Jujube Hua Lun and transported Genghis Khan's "silver coffin" to the altar of Caotan in Aobao East, Gandell, Ordos Plateau. There are 36 dragon and phoenix flags flying high on both sides of the altar. The guard forces of Genghis Khan and the guard forces behind him, Ji Nong, the supreme leader of Daur nationality, led a memorial service and presented 8 1 piece of snow-white silk hada. Nine ancient and tall silver lamps were lit on the altar, and nine bowls of "koumiss with cool fragrance" were presented in front of the steaming offering "horseback riding". There are 8 1 Zhang Yangbei 9 Mongolian knives, 3 boxes of fried meat, and various cakes and communion cakes on the altar. After reading the eulogy and related list, we should take Ji Nong as the core, lead the officials of various Mongolian flags to make sacrifices (in groups of nine people), form a "toast team", each with a silver bowl of koumiss, and offer koumiss on the altar in the eulogy sung by Dalhutuhuke. The same number of toasting teams toasted nine times, and the toasting ceremony ended. Genghis Khan's sacrificial vessel dedicated to holding milk wine is a large wooden barrel with a height of half a person, named "Browendel", which is placed at the 27 steps in front of the altar. The barrel "contains a mixture of koumiss and fresh milk brewed by new milk squeezed for the first time in a year, and the surface is covered with bright and dazzling' saffron' petals". The following two poems are the pride of the Mongols: "Sacrifice to heaven, and horse wine will spill over Ye Ping. (Collected Works of Zhan Ran laity, Volume IV) According to the book Genghis Khan Mausoleum and Erdos written by Mongolian history expert Liang Bing (Inner Mongolia People's Publishing House 1988), Mongolians often hold worship activities with Genghis Khan with koumiss. The book records the following contents: propose a toast to Genghis Khan. After the ceremony, the herdsmen rushed to Braudel's sacrificial bucket, filled the bucket with milk and wine with nine cups, and then ran flat across Sagittarius, spilling milk and wine into the air. Then bypass the "Sagittarius pile" and run back to the sacrificial bucket. The book lists in detail the sacrificial ceremonies of 30 festivals in the whole year except March 21st of the lunar calendar, and milk wine is essential. The dosage is as follows: 33 cans of milk wine on March 2 1 day, 25 cans on March 18, May 15, June 18/2 cans, 1 24/kloc-.
Five, Mongolian cavalry invincible diet mystery
For 800 years, the invincible fighting capacity of Genghis Khan's fighters has been a mystery. One of the answers is a special diet. Their mounts are food banks, and milk wine, a drink made from horse milk, is both thirst-quenching and stomach-filling, slightly sour and palatable, and strengthens the tendons and tonifies the kidney. After textual research, Mongolian nutrition experts said: "Genghis Khan used soldiers quickly, and the Mongolian army drank this simple and protein-rich diet." Koumiss is both food and medicine. "Kumiss therapy" is one of the seven therapies of Mongolian medicine, which is recorded in many ancient books of Mongolian medicine. In the Secret History of Mongolia, it is recorded that patients who fainted due to massive bleeding on the battlefield took koumiss for treatment. Health Guide1991February 20th, the article "Kumiss Therapy" said: "According to modern scientific research and analysis, kumiss is rich in protein, vitamin C, enzymes, trace elements and other components that are beneficial to human health." In 198 1- 1985, Mongolian Medicine Research Institute of Xilin Gol League, Inner Mongolia 1 10, patients with abnormal electrocardiogram 127, patients with angina pectoris1,patients with hyperlipidemia/. It can also improve whole blood viscosity, hematocrit, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma fibrin to varying degrees. This research won the Science and Technology Progress Award of the People's Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 65438-0985. As a good dietotherapy method, the nutrition monograph "Diet" in Yuan Dynasty records: "Horse milk is cold and dry; Quench thirst and cure heat. " The vast pastoral areas in Inner Mongolia have been treating gastrointestinal diseases, digestive dysfunction, irregular menstruation, liver disease, edema, scurvy, heart disease, tuberculosis, hypertension, neurasthenia, lung disease and so on. , the effect is good. According to the research of Jilahu, the director of the Institute of Medical History and Literature of China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, sour horse milk has attracted the attention of many scholars and achieved many results. Ru Taibao discussed the taste, efficacy, brewing technology, nutritional value and medicinal value of sour horse milk in detail in the article "Textual research on the origin of sour horse milk", and found that the origin of sour horse milk was closely related to the horse culture, the development of animal husbandry and the emergence of dairy industry in Mongolian plateau in Neolithic age (see Journal of Chinese Medical History,No. 1982). After the long-term drinking and medical practice of Mongolian people since the Yuan Dynasty, sour koumiss and koumiss have gradually become the first choice for health care and treatment because of their characteristics and efficacy. Modern experiments have also proved that the efficacy of milk wine brewed with yogurt, sour goat milk and sour camel milk is similar to that of koumiss brewed with sour koumiss, but the latter is more effective. There is a story in the Secret History of Mongolia: once, Temujin (the name of Genghis Khan) was attacked by Morgede people and hid in Mount Kent. He touched his chest and said to the sky, "My life was saved by Mount Borhan (that is, Mount Kent). In the future, I will always make sacrifices to this mountain. My children and grandchildren should die with me. " With that, he hung his belt around his neck, took a hat in his hand, bowed down nine times and sprinkled koumiss as a sacrifice. Since then, the Mongolian people have to "pour milk wine as a sacrifice" when offering sacrifices to heaven, mountains and Aobao. "Let the gods, mountain gods and Vulcan taste the sacrifices, bless the grasslands, and let generations inherit the blessings from heaven." (Inner Mongolia History and Culture Series, Inner Mongolia Minority Customs) 1996, Inner Mongolia Culture Department and Inner Mongolia Museum discovered the largest and well-preserved large-scale "Aobao" site in Inner Mongolia at the top of Hanwula Mountain in Siziwangqi of Wulanchabu League. Aobao is 6 meters high and 25 meters in diameter. It is divided into three layers: base, tunnel and roof. It is made of huge stones, and many religious decorations and ribbons are inserted on the surface of Aobao. Da' aobao is located on the side of the post road from Dadu (now Beijing) in Yuan Dynasty to Halahelin in Lingbei. The mountain is steep and spectacular. There are more than 100 small Aobao around the big Aobao. The cultural relics found on the mountain have fragments of wine vessels, and experts infer that the wine vessels are milk wine vessels used for offering sacrifices to the mountain. Historically, even if the bride and groom held a ceremony to worship the fire, the Mongols would sprinkle milk wine on the specially built Wanghuo and bow down and kowtow. The emcee standing to the side read aloud Ode to Fire:
The flint discovered by Genghis Khan,
Mrs. Khoelun kept the fire,
Sacrifice with white hadad and milk wine,
National fires from ancient times to the present.
Please pray for the bride and groom,
Shenhuo is the witness of your marriage!
Please kowtow to the bride and groom,
Buddha's light will be handed down for you!
In the Qing Dynasty, the milk wine for offering sacrifices to heaven was not only the royal wine given to Mongolia by Emperor Kangxi, but also a tribute to the emperor. In October of the thirty-fifth year of Kangxi, Aisingiorro Michelle Ye once hosted a banquet in Guihua City (now Hohhot) in the desert south to entertain the upper Mongolian aristocrats, drank koumiss and wrote a poem as a souvenir:
People touch wine and have a good relationship.
Le and Qiang lead the dance together.
There is no age difference between flowers and clothes.
Huan ran knew all about Simon.
(Quoted from Kangxi Poetry)
According to the "tribute" recorded in the manuscript of the Forbidden City in Li Fan in the Qing Dynasty, in the first year of Qianlong, it was decided that "Zasak, the flag of Mongolia, would respect a bottle of milk wine every December as a statute". According to the Qing Hui Dian, the tribute of the Ten Flags in Xilin Gol League (now the northern part of Ximeng League) is "* * * into Sanjiu, counting 27 sheep and 27 bottles of milk wine, which were collected by Yuan and handed over to the Ministry of Ritual." Among them, Muxue Department, Haoqite Department of Wuzhumuqin, Naer Department of Abaha pay tribute to the left, the road is from Dushikou, and other flags are from Zhangjiakou. ...... Chahar cattle and sheep herd Ming 'an Herd, every year to the Qing court tribute "wine" 4927.8 kg. ("Xilin Gol League Records" Volume 8, page 847) Because kumiss is as white as jade, it is called "jade paste". Tao Zonghua divided the fine koumiss into two types: Chaiyu syrup and Yuan Yu syrup. Youren Xu, a poet in the Yuan Dynasty, described horse wine as "like manna, and its fragrance is suspected to brew a sweet spring". In Qing Dynasty, On the Four Books Tree said that Yuan Yu slurry was "clear in color and sweet in taste", and Xi 'an's "Saishangqu" had a famous sentence "Horse milk is full of new jade", which means that the stirred horse milk is fresh and jade-like, and the bottle is fragrant. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been many poems describing milk wine (also known as Lu wine, wine and cheese), such as Lu wine is not intoxicating (Song of Yingzhou by Tang Gaoshi), Bian Feng wine is not intoxicating (Bunker by Qing Ma Changhai) and thirsty horse ketone (sound hole, horse milk wine), which should be recorded in Book Six because of the great prestige of wine room this autumn. Shafeiyun rolls five miles, and the milk wine in front of the stage is still not cold "("Lu Yuan Song Qiu Ge "). There are two most representative poems about milk wine in modern times. First, it was written by Lao She, a famous writer and people's artist, when he visited Inner Mongolia grassland in September. Vividly praised the Mongolian milk wine diet, courage and hospitality:
The master is hospitable to catch sheep,
The cream color of milk wine is fragrant.
Blessings are often difficult to express,
Never forget each other when you raise your glass.
(Excerpted from Volume 13 of the Complete Works of Lao She)
Two, the famous painter and cultural relic connoisseur Xie wrote the four-line "Mongolian bento" after his inspection in Inner Mongolia grassland:
The host loves guests and promotes tourism.
Feeling wrapped in songs and feasts;
Milk and wine are pure and intoxicated,
Ma Touqin is good at low rhyme.