A. Sodium chloride is commonly known as table salt, so A corresponds correctly;

B. Sodium hydroxide is commonly known as fire soda, caustic soda, and caustic soda, so B corresponds correctly;

C. Calcium oxide is commonly known as quicklime, and slaked lime is the common name of calcium hydroxide, so the correspondence of C is incorrect;

D. Sodium carbonate is commonly known as soda and soda ash, so the correspondence of D is correct.

So choose C.