Problem description:
My mother came back from Shaanxi and brought back a piece of red jade. Someone once gave me a light green jade with a dark green bead on it. Excuse me, what's the difference between these?
Analysis:
Jade identification
List of common jade varieties
Jade is divided into white jade, jasper, sapphire, jet, topaz, topaz, green jade, Beijing white jade and so on. Geographically, there are Xinjiang jade, Henan jade, xiuyan jade jade (also known as Xinshan jade), Australian jade, dushan jade jade, Southern jade and Canadian jade, among which Xinjiang Hetian jade is a famous specialty in China.
Agate-can be divided into white, gray, red, blue, green, yellow, sheep liver, gallbladder, chicken blood, black agate and so on. From the pattern, there are: rushes, algae, twisted silk, hawksbill agate and so on. Produced in northeast China, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and Guangxi. And there is agate with water, called water bile agate.
Stones-turquoise, lapis lazuli, hibiscus, wood-changed stone (also known as tiger skin stone), peach skin stone (also known as fine powder jade), malachite, sapphire, sheep liver stone, tiger eye stone, Dongling stone, etc. Among them, turquoise is a famous product in Yunyang County, Hubei Province, China.
Crystal-crystal, amethyst, topaz, ink crystal, tea crystal (also known as smoke crystal), soft crystal, bristle crystal and hair crystal. It is produced all over China.
Emerald-there are purple, red, gray, yellow, white and other colors, but green is the most expensive. It is a famous specialty of our neighbor Myanmar.
Coral is a benthic coelenterate fossil, red and white, which is produced in Taiwan Province Province, China, with excellent quality.
... pearls-pearls (seawater pearls and freshwater pearls) and cultured pearls (seawater pearls and freshwater pearls).
Gems-diamonds, rubies, sapphires, emeralds, aquamarine, cat's eye gemstones, color-changing gemstones, topaz gemstones, opals, tourmalines, pointed gemstones, garnet gemstones, zircon gemstones, olive emeralds, emeralds, quartz cat's eye gemstones, feldspar gemstones, etc.
The Origin of Jade Articles in China
China began to produce jade articles from primitive society, and with the development of social productive forces, it gradually formed an independent specialty, mostly concentrated in Guiji and Du Yi. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, Suzhou became the national jade manufacturing center. Jade workshops have been set up in the royal courts of past dynasties for production. Because of the high hardness of jade, special tools and methods are needed for processing, so the processing process generally includes several processes such as material selection, sample drawing, sawing, blank making, drilling, refining, polishing and carving. Ancient jade also needs to increase the processes of "disability" and "burning ancient jade". In slave society, bronze tools are the main tools for jade processing. Feudal society gradually changed from bronze tools to steel tools. The hardness of quartz sand is higher than that of jade, so it has been used to grind jade since ancient times, also called "jade-solving sand". When the toothless saw pushes back and forth or thallium and the drill bit rotate to contact the jade, quartz sand mixed with water is put in and grinded into a tool with the movement of the tool. The shapes and patterns of jade articles are made in this way. Therefore, it was called cutting jade in the pre-Qin dynasty, grinding jade in the Song dynasty, and now it is called grinding and cutting to show its difference from sculpture and craft.
The historical evolution of China jade art style is as follows:
.. in the south of China, the large jade bi of Liangzhu culture and the multi-section jade cong with different heights show that the jade processing technology has been separated from the stone technology. Jade modeling is more complex, and it has been able to polish the patterns of yin line, yang line, flat convex, hidden geometric shape and animal shape, with simple and naive style. Jade articles in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are characterized by simple image and outstanding performance, with double hooks in decorative details and pretty jade articles. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, jade crafts developed extensively, and various vassal states competed to polish and improve them. Compared with the finely carved jade carvings in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the jade carvings in the Qin and Han Dynasties tend to be bold and unconstrained in artistic style. The hidden place of Han jade is often engraved with subtle yinxian, which is as strong as wandering in ancient paintings to make up for its weak three-dimensional sense. This is a characteristic of jade techniques in Han dynasty, which has a far-reaching influence on jade in later generations. Jade articles in Tang and Song Dynasties are as bright as suet, with excellent texture and exquisite craftsmanship. The theme of animal flowers and exquisite utensils has increased, and the ability of realism has been greatly improved. They have begun to show the tendency of secularization and achieved high attainments in form and spirit. This is closely related to the maturity of painting and sculpture at that time. During the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, jade articles in the north and south developed generally, which was a very glorious era in the history of jade articles in China. The jade belt plate unearthed from Wang Xingzu's tomb in Ming Dynasty, the jade bowl, jade pot, jade cup, jade pot, jade Jue and Yu Pei unearthed from Zhu Yijun's tomb in Beihai and Yuanbao can represent the characteristics of jade articles in this period.
.. while inheriting the characteristics of jade articles in Song Dynasty, there are two mutually exclusive tendencies of extensive processing or tedious polishing. Jade articles in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties were also influenced by literati's calligraphy and painting. Jade articles that polished literati's poems and freehand landscape paintings were developed, and famous paintings were often carved to pursue literati's elegance. Jade in Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty reached an unprecedented peak because of its rich jade materials, royal advocacy and social needs. In addition, China * * * er's jade polishing technology is rich in local color, and it is an integral part of the jade art treasures of the Chinese nation. Under the influence of the trend of thought of archaizing in the late feudal society, all kinds of jades produced by imitating the style of "Hanyu" with the goal of "returning to simplicity" are called antique jades. This kind of jade began in the Song Dynasty and flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. It has its special aesthetic value and is also an integral part of ancient jade.
Aesthetics of jade
The ancestors of China loved jade, not only because of its rare or beautiful appearance, but also because of its deeper aesthetic value: because jade condensed people's deep feelings-nostalgia for their hometown and worship of their ancestors. This feeling of homesickness and nostalgia for ancestors has cultivated the personality of the Chinese nation and nurtured China's traditional aesthetics. This beautiful tradition has lasted for thousands of years and has been emitting immortal glory.
Jade, as an ornament, as a token, as a vessel and as a gift, is practical and closely related to human beings. The beauty of jade comes from this, and ultimately from this.
.. the aesthetic pursuit of jade is a symbol of nature, the sky, the earth, the rainbow, the sun and the moon, and China's cosmology. It is a spirit, an idea, an ideal, and also the pursuit and sublimation of beauty by the Chinese nation.
.. The Wall of Harmony tells the story of a piece of jade! It's not just Bian He's wisdom in jade that praises him. He lost his foot for a piece of Chu Shan Pu! What an earth-shaking spirit! This is eulogizing the tenacious spirit and indomitable will of our Chinese nation! It is also a sincere warning from the philosopher population thousands of years ago: "Know things, know people!"
"Returned to Zhao" is just the story of Lin Xiangru's mission to Qin State, praising the spirit of jade, the virtue of keeping promises and the sentiment of sacrificing one's life for righteousness.
.. "The jade is uncut and abrasive." This sentence has gone beyond reciting things and has become the motto of talents for a long time.
.. rather die than surrender. This is the "humanization" of jade beauty, which symbolizes noble personality, gentleman's integrity, excellent moral character and ideal of life. The beauty of jade is going deep into people's soul.
Jade, because of its beauty in quality, color, touch and sound, is the king of stones and is loved by people. Jade craft is the art of life. Its beauty is the beauty of decoration, the beauty of creation, the beauty of nature and the beauty of the East.
Appreciation of jade
China people have a special interest in jade since ancient times, and they love jade more than gold and other jade. In ancient times, there was a saying that "a gentleman doesn't leave his hand for no reason, and a gentleman is not as good as jade", and the gentle color of jade represents kindness and tenacity, symbolizes wisdom, and the edges and corners that don't hurt people indicate fairness and justice. The crisp and comfortable music when knocking at the door is a response to the virtues of honesty and integrity. Because of this, it has been sincerely favored by people since ancient times.
Nowadays, the style, shape, decoration, creativity and workmanship of ornamental jade have been greatly improved, and its auspiciousness, ornamental and artistry are emphasized. Its main varieties are jade figurines, flowers and birds, animals, utensils, jade mountain seed material carving and other small and medium-sized ornaments, all kinds of jade bonsai, agate ornamental stones, crystal rough stones, jade samples, jade seed materials, etc., from rough stones to carving. People can enjoy the spirit and culture while watching and playing, especially touching jade ornaments in leisure often produces a comfortable and elegant taste, which makes people feel incomparable joy, excitement and satisfaction. Also, in interior decoration, jade can be combined with calligraphy and painting, antiques and other handicrafts to create an elegant cultural atmosphere indoors.
In addition, as gifts, keepsakes and mascots, enjoying jade is widely used in people's daily life and various contacts, and it is the first choice for relatives, friends and friendly people to express their love, affection, good wishes or pray for peace.
Jade ornaments
Jewelry is not only a kind of wealth, but also a decorative handicraft. Since ancient times, people like to wear jewelry and jade ornaments.
In ancient times, people wore jade, mainly not as a simple decoration, not only to show the external beauty, but also to show people's spiritual world and self-cultivation, that is, to show morality, and also to reflect people's identity, feelings, manners and language communication. In ancient times, a gentleman must wear jade, that is, he was always required to demand himself by the nature of jade, to regulate people's morality and limit people's behavior by singing the voice of jade.
Today, jewelry and jade ornaments are still regarded as a symbol of luck and social status, and have gradually become an important part of expressing personal character, decoration, taste and demeanor, and make the overall clothing look more beautiful and glamorous in appearance.
There are many varieties and styles of modern jade ornaments, including: jade beads, jade bracelets, jade pins, jade pendants, inlaid ornaments, jade rings, gold inlaid jade products, jade belts and so on. In addition to jade, agate, secret jade and other jade materials, there are jade, green gold, chicken liver stone, malachite, lindong stone, coral and so on. Also used. Specifications and styles are constantly being renovated, and single bead strings include flat strings, pagoda strings, colorful strings, shaped strings, conformal strings and so on. These jewels and jade ornaments, through careful collocation, will bring a perfect match to your life and clothes.
Jade collection
.. collect ancient jade, if the economic conditions are good and the strength is particularly strong, you can collect it according to the principle of careful carving and collection. We can take the times as a special topic, such as the ancient jade of Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties, and can also be divided into ancient jade, ancient ritual jade and ancient mountain seeds. According to the specific objects, it can be divided into China Jade Cong, China Jade Wall, China Jade Bird and China Yulong.
.. the collection of ancient jade should be based on fine workmanship, high quality, clever colors and strange shapes. Read more books and study more, and you can achieve the goal of "love is good."
The collection of ancient jade is generally divided into two categories: new jade and old jade.
The identification of new jade focuses on the authenticity of jade material, the quality of texture and the fineness of carver. Generally speaking, good jade material is only the basis for making jade articles, and its value can only be finally reflected through artificial design and carving. Emperor Taizong put it well: "Jade is beautiful, but it lies in the stone and is not worth pondering, just like rubble." Therefore, the level of jade workmanship is an important weight to determine the quality of jade. A good jade article should have exquisite and harmonious composition, exquisite workmanship and care for people who are warm and greasy.
In addition to the basic requirements of new jade, the identification of old jade should also identify the production time, historical role and the identity of the owner, and learn to comprehensively analyze the modeling characteristics of each object (including local modeling). The uniqueness of modeling can often affect the value of jade.
Yude health care
Jade is a natural mineral, and mineral is a characteristic component of traditional Chinese medicine. China has a long history of studying it, and precious stones account for a large part. China ancient medical classics Huangdi Neijing, Tang Materia Medica, Shennong Materia Medica and Compendium of Materia Medica all say that jade can soothe the nerves, dredge blood vessels, moisten the heart and lungs, clear the eyes and ears, soften the tendons and strengthen the bones ... "According to modern scientific determination, jade itself contains many trace elements, such as zinc, iron, copper, manganese, magnesium and cobalt. It was once a sharp weapon for our ancestors to prevent and treat diseases, and has long been regarded as the main medicine for health preservation, aging prevention and alchemy. Now, it has been used in tumor treatment, showing unusual effects. From the pharmaceutical point of view, wearing natural minerals for a long time can supplement the elements and trace elements that the human body lacks, absorb or excrete the redundant elements and trace elements, and keep the human body unique and positive. For example:
Amethyst and seasonable: have the effect of calming the nerves ... Diamond: ward off evil spirits and make people energetic ... Ruby: very effective for male impotence patients ... Emerald: can improve people's fertility ... Sapphire and aquamarine: can relieve the pain of respiratory system ... Amber: can help people overcome depression ... Nephrite: moisten the heart and lungs, clear stomach fire ... Agate: clear heat.
Nowadays, we use jade as raw material and process it into exquisite decorations to beautify our life, cultivate our temperament, and even be not afraid of illness and prolong our life. Its products are directly used for fitness and health care: jade pillows, jade mats, fitness balls, walking sticks, jade combs, etc. , has the effects of skin care, sedation and tranquilization. Long-term use will refresh the mind and prolong life.