Angelica sinensis ) Diels alias Qin Gui, Yungui (Yunnan), Angelica sinensis and Angelica sinensis (Gansu). It is a perennial herb of Umbelliferae. Location: Gansu, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hubei, Guizhou and other places. Root is used as medicine, and it contains ligustilide, n-butenyl ligustilide, ferulic acid, nicotinic acid, succinic acid, uracil, choline, carvacrol, angelarone, succinic acid, palmitic acid, vitamin B 12, sucrose and 14 amino acids. Sweet and pungent, warm in nature. It has the effects of enriching blood, promoting blood circulation, regulating menstruation, relieving pain, moistening dryness and smoothing intestines. Treat menoxenia, amenorrhea, abdominal pain, metrorrhagia, headache due to blood deficiency, constipation due to intestinal dryness, traumatic injury, carbuncle, ulcer, etc.

I. Morphological characteristics

The plant height is 0.4- 1m, and the taproot is short and irregular cylindrical. The leaves are 2-3 odd pinnate compound leaves, with 3 pairs of leaflets, oval and concave; Leaf sheath swelling. The stems are erect, purplish, with obvious vertical grooves; The compound umbel is terminal, with 10- 14 unequal stalks; Each umbel has 12-36 flowers with hairy petioles; Calyx teeth 5, petals 5, white, double raspberry oval; There are five fruit tendons in the fruit (figure 14-79).

Fig. 14-79 Morphological diagram of Angelica sinensis

1. Fruit branch 2. There are three left. root

Second, biological characteristics.

(A) growth and development characteristics

Seeds will lose their germination rate if they are kept at room temperature for one year, but if they are kept at low temperature and dry, their life span can reach more than three years. See Figure 7-3 and Figure 4 for the effects of seed water content and storage temperature, and Figure 14-80 for the effects of temperature on seed germination. The optimum germination temperature is about 20℃, and the water yield is sufficient, with an average temperature of 12-65438. When the average temperature is 20-24℃, seedlings emerge on the 7th-65th day after sowing. The seedlings grow very slowly, afraid of drought, high temperature and scorching sun. In the first year, it can grow 3-6 true leaves with a plant height of 5-25 cm. By September, when the average temperature was 12- 14℃, the aboveground part stopped growing and the young roots grew rapidly. After frosting ten days before 10, the leaves turned yellow and the buds went into dormancy. At this time, the seeds are harvested and dug (rooting and breeding for one year, the same below).

Fig.14-80 effect of temperature on seed germination of angelica sinensis.

When it belongs to the second year of growth, it can withstand higher temperatures, and when the yield is high, it is planted in sunny plains. When the average temperature reaches 5-8℃, the seeds begin to germinate, and emerge at 9- 10℃, and the initial growth is slow. When the average temperature is above 14℃, the aboveground parts and roots increase rapidly, and the average temperature reaches 16- 17℃ in August, and the growth slows down again, and the average temperature drops to 8. At this time, the growth of roots reached the second peak. At the end of June, 65438+1October, 65438+1early October, the shoot withered, and the fleshy roots went into dormancy (figure 14-8 1). Two-year-old Angelica sinensis has a plant height of 30-70 cm, 6- 14, a root diameter of 2.5-50 1 1 and a fresh weight of 80-200 g. ..

Fig.14-81growth curve of biennial angelica sinensis.

In April of the third year, when the average temperature was 6℃, the uncut angelica turned green, bolting in May, reaching 2m, flowering in June-July, bearing fruit in July-August, and then the whole plant died.

(2) Environmental requirements

1. temperature

Angelica sinensis is native to cold and wet areas and has strict temperature requirements. See table 14-78 for the meteorological data of Min County, Gansu Province, the main producing area. Nursery sites in Min County are limited to shady slopes with an altitude of 2,400-2,900 m, and leeward slopes with an altitude of 2,800-3,200 m are selected in Lijiang, Yunnan. The seedlings will not grow well if the climate is too high, and the seedlings will not grow well if the temperature is too low. If the temperature is too low or too high, the yield will decrease, bolting will increase, taproot will become smaller, fibrous root will increase, and the smell will not be strong. When it is introduced to lower altitude areas, it often fails because of the high temperature in summer. If the altitude is too high, the yield will decrease and the ratio of dry to fresh will decrease. The best place to preserve Angelica sinensis seeds in Min County is at an altitude of 2200-2400 m.. It is too hot at 2000 meters, and the extracted inflorescence is easy to dry up, so the seed yield is low, and the yield at heights above 2500 meters is also low.

Table 14-78 Meteorological Data of Min County, Gansu Province The above data are the average of 9-25 years before 1962.

* * The (') on the number in the table is an ellipsis, which means that 19 is omitted before the number. For example,' 42 stands for 1942. I am an analogy. The number after it is the date, 3 1, which means 1, 3 1.

Step 2: Moisture

The growth period of angelica also needs strict water. Rain after sowing is the dominant factor affecting the emergence rate, and whether it rains after weeding is the dominant factor affecting the survival rate of seedlings. After weeding, there is frequent rain, and the seedlings grow rapidly, so the rain largely determines the harvest of planted seeds, and they are drought-tolerant in the second year of growth, but sufficient water is also the main condition for high yield. Whether it rains in time after transplanting directly affects the survival rate of transplanting. Drought at seedling stage also increases bolting; It often rains during the growing period, or it is irrigated in time during drought, which can make the plants flourish and increase the yield, but too much rain often lowers the ground temperature and affects the yield of Angelica sinensis above 2500m above sea level. Where there is too much water and the ground drips, the growth is also poor, which is prone to root rot.

lamplight

Angelica sinensis likes to be cool at seedling stage, and the place of origin is early sun or late sun mountain, and the grass is covered to avoid direct sunlight. At noon, the illumination under the grass cover is about 20000-40000 LX. After early August, the seedlings have 1-2 true leaves, and the sunshine is not as strong as that in summer. At this point, the straw cover is removed. But if the light is too weak, the seedlings will grow in vain on the ground and the root yield will be reduced. Biennial plants can withstand strong light. Under sufficient light, plants will grow sturdily, with more leaves, larger roots/crowns and high yield.

4. Soil nutrition

Angelica sinensis requires deep, fertile, loose and humus-rich soil, and loose and fertile black soil is selected for seedling raising, and loess grows poorly. Angelica sinensis growing on black soil and black oil sandy soil has high survival rate, good plant growth and high yield. Angelica sinensis, which grows on big loess and yellow sandy soil, has yellow-green leaves, short plants and low yield.

Angelica sinensis is very sensitive to fertilizer, and farmers' reaction is: "The seed size is burning ash", and the yield of Angelica sinensis depends on fertilizer.

Third, cultivation techniques.

(1) seedling raising

Angelica sinensis is propagated and transplanted with seeds. At low altitude (1500- 1800 m), it is also planted directly in autumn, harvested in the next year or planted directly in spring, but the yield and quality are low. Nursery land is a cool and humid wasteland, with low mountains selected as shady mountains, high mountains selected as semi-shady and semi-sunny slopes, potholes and small basins with water conservation but no water accumulation. However, due to the shortage of labor, they generally turned over the land in late May of that year, scooped up the turf with soil, dried it, piled it up, and dug it for the second time, with a depth of about 16-20 cm. The grass-roots stones were removed, and the haystacks were burned to smoke and spread out. The more ash, the stronger the seedlings, and the ash must be spread evenly. Otherwise, in many places, the ground temperature is high, the seedlings emerge early and the growth is vigorous. Sow in Gansu in the first half of June and in Yunnan in the last half of June. The sowing amount per mu in Gansu is 4-5 kg, and that in Yunnan is 7.5- 10 kg. Sowing, the soil in the ditch is about 1cm thick, and the grass cutting cover is 2-3 cm thick.

Seedling raising requires that seedlings grow neatly and evenly, so as to have higher seed yield and reduce bolting rate. Therefore, we must pay attention to the technology of soil preparation and sowing. There are many reasons for different seedling densities, such as uneven fertilization, uneven soil preparation, uneven sowing, uneven grass coverage, etc., which will affect the emergence and growth, resulting in uneven emergence and inconsistent growth, such as thin soil coverage, poor water retention, inability to emerge, thick soil coverage, late emergence, weak growth, thick grass coverage, weak seedling growth and so on. After sowing for one month, carefully lift the straw cover and pull out the weeds exposed on the ground. In early August, remove the straw cover and pull up the grass 1-2 times, then harvest and dig. It is best to uncover the grass on a cloudy day, and the seedlings will grow up as soon as it rains. If it rains for a long time after uncovering the cover, the delicate seedlings that grow under the grass cover for a long time will not stand the scorching sun and drought and will die easily, so we should seize the opportunity of uncovering the grass. Seeds were collected in the first ten days of 10 in Minxian county, and in the middle ten days of110 in Lijiang county. The yield was low, the seeds were incomplete, and it was easy to rot during storage, but it was too late to dig, and the leaves turned yellow, which was time-consuming and laborious, and it was not easy to dig clean. The method of digging seeds is to dig out the seedbed soil piece by piece, then hang the seeds out, shake off the soil, but don't shake it clean, remove the leaves of the seeds, tie them into sticks with a little soil, dry them a little, and store them indoors or outdoors. Stacking should choose a cool house without fire, and use raw loess (not cooked soil) that is not wet and dry, and pile a layer of loess, surrounded by loess with a thickness of 30cm. For example, in cellar storage, you should choose a cool corner without sunshine. Dry and waterless seeds are stored in cold places, which germinate late and have a high survival rate. Every 50kg of seeds, it is necessary to dig a cellar with a depth of 1m, a length of 1.6m and a width of 1m, and to build a cellar with dry loess. The top of the cellar has 30cm soil, which is higher than the ground, so that snow water can easily flow away. Seeds rot during storage, which often causes great losses. The reason is that the seeds are sick after continuous cropping; Premature harvesting and digging seeds are not full; The air drying time is short after digging back, or the water content of seeds dug in rainy days is high; Or the seeds are planted for too long and are easy to wither and rot; Too little soil is added to seeds, and they are easy to rot when heated during storage. The most perishable time is to dig back into the early cellar. At this time, the seeds are full of water, vigorous in breathing, active in metabolism, prone to fever and decay, low in winter temperature, and generally safe and sound. In March of the following year, the temperature rose, germs became active, and seeds spread diseases quickly.

(2) Land selection and land preparation

In the second year of growth, higher temperature and sufficient sunshine are needed than in seedling stage, and the yield in plain land is higher than in mountainous area. For example, planted on a hillside, sunny slopes are better than shady slopes, and shady slopes grow slowly. Soil quality affects the survival rate and product quality of Angelica sinensis. Black soil and red sand soil have high transplanting survival rate, while loess has dense texture and poor transplanting survival rate. The smell of Angelica sinensis in black soil is stronger than that in loess, but the dry and fresh smell is not as long as that in loess. The previous crops were wheat and red sandy soil. Potato and bean stubble are prone to insects, highland barley stubble is not transplanted well, continuous cropping is poor, and there are many diseases and insect pests. It takes 2-3 years to plant Angelica sinensis on the land where it has been planted. The most commonly used stubble turning methods in producing areas are: highland barley, wheat and angelica. Drug farmers believe that angelica grows fast after wheat stubble and does not get sick. This may be because the wheat harvest is early and the leisure time is long. Angelica likes fertilizer, and the commonly used fertilizer is manure. Drug farmers think that the best year is manure, and the pit soil should be rainy. The more fertilizer you use, the better. Generally, 5-30t should be applied per mu, which can be applied when turning the land. If fertilizer is scarce, it can also be applied in the hole. Angelica sinensis also has higher requirements for soil preparation. Deep tillage combined with multi-fertilization can promote root growth. Generally, it can be ploughed 25-30cm deep after the previous harvest, and ploughed twice every 10 month. Late turning will freeze to death.

(3) transplantation

Transplanting in April, the survival rate of transplanting is high when the seed buds are not elongated. It should be planted early, and it is better to plant in early April than in late May. If planting is postponed until the beginning of May, the roots will not grow on the upper part of the long land, so the buds will grow, in case of poor survival and growth after drought planting. It can be transplanted at low altitude (2000m) in late March, when the soil moisture is high and the seedlings are good, but it is not suitable to plant early in high altitude areas for fear of late frost.

When transplanting, digging holes and planting seedlings with plows and rakes have good soil moisture and high survival rate. Dig deep 16cm, plant three seedlings in each hole, and the big seedlings will help the seedlings to arch the soil on the side. For example, when bolting and pulling out seedlings, seedlings will not be damaged, and soil will be raked to avoid water accumulation. It can also be piled on the hole to avoid hardening when it rains. Weak growth, row spacing of 23-23-33 cm, triangular planting, density should consider the fat and thin soil, fertilization amount, and estimate the bolting situation. The fertile land should not be too dense, and the aboveground parts should be shaded from each other, with upward branches and leaves, long and thin, slow leaves, small roots/crowns and low yield. Thin land should not be too thin, plants can not cover the ground tightly, the soil is easy to dry, weeds breed, and the yield is low. The main factors affecting the survival rate of transplanting are the size of seeds, drought resistance, germination and so on. In addition, after planting, the soil is moist and rainproof, and irrigation in winter can improve the emergence rate, and it is best to rain for one or two days after planting. If it doesn't rain for a long time after planting, the emergence rate is low, especially the germinated seeds, which are easy to dry up.

(4) Site management

In May, when the seedlings are 5-7 cm high, you should use a hoe to hoe the grass and loosen the soil around the seedlings. In June, when the seedling height is 13- 17 cm, weeding should be carried out for the second time, and soil should be cultivated around the plant. When weeding for the second and third time, bolting plants should be pulled out and cake fertilizer, ammonium nitrate or urea should be topdressing.

(e) Early bolting problems

In the production of Angelica sinensis, seedlings are sown in the first summer, planted in the second year, and fleshy roots are harvested in the autumn for medicinal purposes. Unharvested Angelica sinensis blooms in the third year, and it is easy to bolt and bloom in the second year during cultivation. According to Jing Ruqin and others, the ratio of secondary phloem and secondary xylem bolting to roots changed obviously, from 2∶ 1 of normal roots to 650. Therefore, early bolting comes to the root, the firewood is large and the oil and gas are insufficient, so it is impossible to use medicine (Figure14-82,83).

Fig. 14—82 schematic cross-sectional view of normal growth and development of angelica sinensis

Fig. 14—83 schematic diagram of cross section of early bolting when roots are rooted.

Bolting plants reached 50% earlier, which brought some losses to production. Angelica sinensis is native to alpine region, which belongs to the development type of low temperature and long sunshine, and its vernalization process needs low temperature of 0-5℃. One-year-old Angelica sinensis does not bolting because it has not experienced low temperature, but not all seeds stored in winter can bolting and blossom through vernalization, and Angelica sinensis seeds go through spring. Therefore, big seeds are easy to bolting (Figure 14-84). Seeds with high sugar content are easy to bolting, while seeds with high nitrogen content are not easy to bolting. Because of the high nitrogen content, some sugar is consumed, and structural substances are formed, which reduces the sugar required for vernalization and the bolting rate (Figure 65438+). Seedling raising is the key to control the nutritional basis of sowing seeds during overwintering. In addition, the heredity of Angelica sinensis also has a great relationship with bolting.

Fig. 14—84 Relationship between seed weight and bolting of Angelica sinensis.

Fig. 14—85 Relationship between nitrogen content and bolting of Angelica sinensis seeds.

1. Control bolting from seedling raising.

By improving seedling raising technology, controlling seed size, reducing seed sugar content and increasing seed nitrogen content, bolting can be controlled. In the choice of nursery land, we should pay attention to the land surrounded by mountains, short sunshine time, cool and humid, loose and fertile soil. Under this condition, the plants grow densely, close to each other, the leaves grow upward, the leaves are lighter in color, and the sugar accumulated by photosynthesis is less, but the nitrogen absorbed from the soil is more, and the bolting rate is lower. On the contrary, under the conditions of abundant sunshine and dry and barren soil, the seedlings grow with strong sunshine, dry soil, sparse seedlings, dark green leaves, purple petioles and heart leaves, large plant nutrient area, high sugar accumulated by photosynthesis, dry soil, less nitrogen absorbed from the soil and high bolting rate. In addition, pay attention to the use of moderately mature seeds, that is, when the seeds are powdery white. Grasping the appropriate sowing date and sowing amount, early sowing and sparse sowing will make the seeds grow bigger and increase the sugar accumulated by full photosynthesis, thus improving the bolting rate; However, in order to control bolting, too late sowing and close planting make the seed growth too small, the bolting rate decreases, but the yield also decreases, because the seed size is closely related to the yield (Figure 14-86). Therefore, timely sowing and reasonable close planting should be carried out. In production, the sowing date and sowing amount can be controlled to keep the bolting rate below 30%, and the yield of Angelica sinensis must be higher than that of late sowing and close planting with bolting rate below 65,438+00%. Others, such as fine seedling raising, ensure that the whole seedling is neat and consistent, postpone harvesting and digging appropriately, and don't overdry the seeds before entering the cellar.

Fig.14-86 emergence, growth, bolting and yield of angelica sinensis with different sizes 2. Reduce the storage temperature.

According to the report of Northwest University, the temperature required for the vernalization of Angelica sinensis is 0-5℃. If the storage temperature of seeds drops below 0℃, the bolting rate will decrease.

(6) Pests and diseases and their control

1. Root rot

Fusarium avenae (Fr. )Sacc。 〕

The root tips and young roots of the affected plants collapsed in water, then turned yellow and fell off, and the main roots rusted and rotted. In severe cases, only fiber is left, and some plants on the ground are short and yellow in the early stage, and die in severe cases. Diseases are mainly carried by soil and seedlings. There are many underground pests in the soil, and the diseases are serious. Control methods: rotation with gramineous crops; Choose plots with good drainage for planting, and drain them in time after rain; Choose healthy seedlings without disease; Soak the seeds with 0.05% mancozeb 10 minute before sowing, dig out the diseased plants in time at the initial stage of the disease, and disinfect the diseased spots with lime: irrigate the diseased areas with 500 times of 50% carbendazim solution.

2. Brown spot disease

(Septoria sp .)

The edge of leaf lesion is reddish brown, the center is grayish white, and there are faded halo around it. In the later stage, black spots (conidia of pathogenic bacteria) grow in the center of the lesion, and in severe cases, the leaves are reddish brown, dry and dead. The pathogen overwinters in the bud heads of diseased plants and dead diseased tissues, which is more serious when it is hot and humid. Prevention and control methods: clear the garden in winter, concentrate on the treatment of sick and disabled tissues, and reduce the source of overwintering bacteria; Spraying1:1:150 bordeaux solution or 3% jinggangmycin 300 times solution at the initial stage of onset.

Other pests are nematodes, transparent almond worms, flies, grubs, grubs and cutworms.

Fourth, harvesting and processing.

(1) Harvest

10 year1early October, the leaves of Angelica sinensis have turned yellow. At this time, cut off the above-ground part, let the sun shine on the ground, and promote the maturity of the roots. 65438+ 10 dug angelica in late October, and then combined with ploughing to pick up the missed angelica. The average yield per mu is100-150kg, and the high-yield fields can reach 350-400kg.

(2) Processing

Shake off the wet soil in time after harvest, pick out the rotten roots and remove the residual petiole. When the water evaporates slightly, tie it into a flat handle with a weight of 0.5- 1 kg and put it in a dry and ventilated place or a special fumigation shed. The height of the frame (wooden frame) in the shed is 1.3- 1.7m, on which bamboo strips are laid, and the angelica handle is placed flat. Spray water with wet fire and smoke to make the skin of Angelica sinensis reddish, then smoke it with coal fire or firewood for about 10 day, then turn over, smoke it with fast fire for 2 days, and then smoke it with slow fire.

(3) keep the seeds.

Choose a field with good growth and no pests and diseases, pull out weeds in the early spring of the following year, topdressing next to the roots once, bolting for 30-40 days, and harvesting in batches when the seeds turn from red to white in mid-August, and 40- 100 kg of seeds can be harvested per mu. After harvesting, the fruit stalks are tied into bundles, dried in the shade, dried in winter and threshed.