brief introduction
Caiman is a guide to several crocodiles in America and Central America, which are related to alligators and belong to the family Alligator. Like all crocodiles, they are amphibious carnivores like lizards, living on the edge of rivers and waters. Dependence on women
The Caiman
Crocodiles nest, lay eggs and breed. Crocodiles have thick eggshells and will be protected by female crocodiles after giving birth.
kind
The Caiman
Including alligators and crocodiles.
This short-nosed salamander can reach 2.7 meters (9 feet) in length and is native to tropical areas from southern Mexico to Brazil. Many waters have a calm mud bottom. It is named because there is a bone ridge between the eyes, like the bridge of the nose on a pair of glasses. Since the Mississippi alligator was designated as a protected object by law, a large number of short-nosed salamanders have been sold to the United States and tourists.
Black gill scarab
Black caiman.
It is the largest species and potentially dangerous. The maximum length is about 4.5 meters (15 feet), and other species are about 1.2 ~ 2. 1 meter (4 ~ 7 feet). Most of them live in the Caiman Lake in the Amazon River, which is already a protected area and has no human attacks.
South American catfish
Commonly known as the glossy surface caiman, it includes two species: the triangle caiman and the fin caiman.
Glossy surface caiman is the smallest caiman, living in the fast-flowing and stony mountains and rivers in the Amazon region. It is named after the spine of a short-nosed salamander without glasses between its eyes. Good at swimming, eating fish, birds, insects and other animals.
background
Several reptiles related to alligators in Central and South America belong to the family Alligator.
The Caiman
(Alligator). Amphibians, carnivorous, live on the edge of rivers and other waters. Female crocodiles build nests, lay eggs and protect eggs. Eggshell. ***3 genera: caiman, including caiman and crocodile caiman; Black caiman, that is, black caiman (black caiman); ; The genus Paleosuchus, commonly known as glossy surface Caiman, includes two species: Trigeminal Caiman and bearded Caiman. The largest species is the black caiman (black Amazon catfish), which is potentially dangerous. The maximum length is about 4.5 meters (15 feet), and other species are about 1.2 ~ 2. 1 meter (4 ~ 7 feet). This short-nosed salamander can reach 2.7 meters (9 feet) in length and is native to tropical areas from southern Mexico to Brazil. Many waters have a calm mud bottom. It is named because there is a bone ridge between the eyes, like the bridge of the nose on a pair of glasses. Since the Mississippi alligator was designated as a protected object by law, a large number of short-nosed salamanders have been sold to the United States and tourists. Glossy surface caiman is the smallest caiman, living in the fast-flowing and stony mountains and rivers in the Amazon region. It is named after the spine of a short-nosed salamander without glasses between its eyes. Good at swimming, eating fish, birds, insects and other animals.
trait
The largest caiman is the black caiman, which can reach 4.5 meters in length and will constitute human beings.
The Caiman
Threats. Other species of caiman are generally 1.2-2. 1 meter long. The longest crocodile is 2.7 meters, distributed in tropical areas from southern Mexico to Brazil. They are named because they have a prominent spine in the middle of their eyes, just like a pair of glasses frames. They multiply in slow-moving muddy water. Because the Mississippi alligator in the United States is protected by law, a large number of eyeglasses crocodiles are captured and shipped to the United States for sale. The smallest caimans are two kinds of flat-headed caimans. They are distributed in the fast-flowing and stony rivers of Amazon. Because of its prominent spine like a spectacled crocodile, it is called a flat-headed caiman. [ 1]
trait
Caiman animals have a horizontal bone ridge at the front of their eyes, which is very similar to the glasses frame worn by people, so they
The Caiman
Our English name is Eyeglasses Crocodile. The maximum length of common caiman is 250cm, the average adult 150~200cm, and the newly hatched young crocodile is 20~25cm. The kiss is slightly longer, the end is slightly higher, and the kiss length is slightly larger than the width of the kiss base. There is a well-developed transverse ridge at the front ends of the two orbits, which looks like a spectacle frame. The upper eyelid bulges high and becomes a tumor. Both jaws have slotted tapered teeth, which are not exposed. Older adults' mandibular first teeth, like the mandibular fourth teeth, can protrude from the upper jaw, and the posterior teeth grow in a male alveolar space. The mandible extends to the fourth or fifth tooth level. The occipital scales are arranged in 2~3 rows with 6~8 scales. 4~5 rows of cervical scales are closely adjacent to each other, including 2 or more rows, and each row contains 4 scales, which are connected with the dorsal scales. The dorsal scales range from 18 to 19, and each row is 8 to 10. There are 12~ 13 pairs of double-row ring scales in the front of the caudal dorsum, and 18~ 19 pairs of single-row ring scales in the back, and the scales under the caudal are arranged annularly. The abdominal collar consists of a row of slightly enlarged horizontal scales. Abdominal scales lack skin sensation, with 20~24 rows horizontally, and the front and rear rows overlap slightly. There are only webbed toes. The back is olive green, with numerous black spots on the head, body and tail, dark brown or black horizontal stripes on the back and tail, and the ventral side is pure beige or light yellow. There are light spots on both sides of the newly hatched alligator jaw, which all disappear when the total length is about 35cm.
Be distributed
They are distributed in the fast-flowing and stony rivers of Amazon. Because of the glasses on your head
The Caiman
It looks like a protruding spine, so it's called a flat-headed caiman. They are good at swimming and are distributed from southern Mexico to Peru and Brazil. This crocodile is divided into several subspecies: (1) named C.C. Crocodile subspecies, which is widely distributed in the Orinoco River basin, the Venezuelan South American prairie and the Amazon basin from Colombia to Peru via northern Brazil and eastern Bolivia; (2) C.c.fuscus, a subspecies of Central America, distributed in the Megdelenat River in Colombia and entered the Atlantic coast of western Venezuela; (3) Pacific subspecies C.c.chiapasius, distributed in southern Mexico along the Pacific coast, passing through Colombia and Ecuador to the Gulf of uruba. Some experts believe that this subspecies belongs to the same subspecies as Central America. (4) Long-snouted manatee is a subspecies with narrow snout, which is obviously different from other subspecies. It is only distributed among waterfalls in the upper reaches of the Apa Pohris River in Colombia, but the narrow kiss gradient group can cross the South American steppes in Colombia and Venezuela.
type
Caiman is a guide to several crocodiles in America and Central America, which are related to alligators and belong to the family Alligator. Like all crocodiles, they are carnivorous reptiles like lizards, living on the edge of rivers and waters. Rely on female crocodiles to build nests, lay eggs and breed offspring. Crocodiles have thick eggshells and will be protected by female crocodiles after giving birth.
biology
The common caiman lives in a wide range of water habitats. From sea level to altitude
The Caiman
500 meters, they can be found in various water bodies (even harbors containing salt water) at an altitude of 800 meters and isotherms of 24 to 27 degrees Celsius. Like other crocodiles, the food of Cayman crocodiles changes with age, season and habitat. Young crocodiles mainly feed on invertebrates, especially COLEOPTERA insects. Young crocodiles and adult crocodiles also eat snails, shrimps and crabs. Semiadults and adults mainly feed on vertebrates, including aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates. Predation strategies include staying still, sneaking close to passing terrestrial vertebrates, lying in the water and sneaking close to approaching fish and other aquatic vertebrates, and sometimes driving fish to shallow water with their bodies and tails or driving them to narrow shores in open water to prey. Female crocodiles reach sexual maturity about 1.2m before the dry season comes every year, and caimans gather in small natural waters for courtship and mating activities. Courtship behaviors include jumping out of the water, showing off tail, biting and rubbing head and neck. The nesting period of caiman is different in different places, usually in rainy season. The subspecies of China and America reproduce all the year round, but the peak of nesting activity is1~ March. The nest consists of leaves, twigs, weeds and soil, with an average diameter of 80~ 1 10cm and a height of 40~50cm. Each nest lays eggs 14~40, with an average of 29 eggs. Eggs are oval with a hard and rough white shell. Its size is: named subspecies, with an average of 64mm*4 1mm and a weight of about 60 g; China subspecies (63~70)mm*(38~4 1)mm, weighing 40 ~ 45g；; Narrow snout subspecies 66 mm * 63 mm. During the incubation period, female crocodiles regularly take care of and protect their nests.
When the young crocodile comes out of its shell, it makes a sound, and the female crocodile (sometimes with the help of the male crocodile) digs the nest and escorts the young crocodile into the water.
Caiman Photo Album (5 photos)
Occasionally, female crocodiles will use their mouths to help embryonic crocodiles break out of their shells and take young crocodiles into the water with their mouths. The incubation period of caiman in Venezuela is 10- 12, and the peak period is 1 10, while the incubation period in Brazil is mostly in March. The hatched crocodiles gather together for a year or more. When adults hear the larvae' cry for help, they will immediately go to protect them. The growth rate of caiman wild population will be different under different habitat conditions. According to the investigation in grassland lagoons in Venezuela and Guyana, it takes six years for caiman to grow to full length 1m, and it grows stably in the first two years, but slowly or hardly in dry season. The population of caiman in Surinam grows rapidly, reaching the total length of nearly 1.3m in only five years. Comparing the differences between the two places, it is found that the food condition of the latter is much better than that of the former. Caiman crocodiles have different enemies at different times of their lives. Birds and animals that eat crocodile eggs include black-capped gibbons, crested long-legged eagles, crab-eating foxes and raccoons. Nasua nasua, a long-nosed raccoon, and Cebus sp, a capuchin monkey. Young crocodiles and young crocodiles feed on carnivorous fish, such as catfish, indigo snake, hairy turtle, toad turtle, black crocodile, American crocodile, crocodile family, Mexican tiger heron, white-collar heron, night heron, American forest stork, South American spotted stork, and great black hawk jaguar, which can prey on crocodiles.
Dynamics and protection
The bone plate under the scales of caiman's abdomen is very developed, which affects the commercial value of abdominal skin. Usually, only the two sides of the trunk are valuable, and the utilization rate of bark is low, so the value is low. So before the 1950s, this crocodile was not exploited. Since then, as other high-value crocodile populations began to shrink, the supply of crocodile skins in the international market was in short supply, and caimans began to be developed and utilized. At that time, millions of crocodile skins could be provided to the market every year. Commercial caiman skins include caiman from Fu Yunru, whose crocodile skins have been playing an important role in the international market since their development and utilization. Although the number of this crocodile is quite large every year, its number has not decreased. According to the investigation in recent years, it is found that its population is more than in the past. The reason is that other crocodiles with great economic significance, such as black crocodiles, Orinoco crocodiles, American crocodiles, etc., have shrunk due to overfishing, and their habitats are occupied by caiman crocodiles. In addition, the artificial water bodies in Venezuela, Colombia, Brazil and other places have increased dramatically, and the habitat of caiman has also increased greatly. Caiman has strong ecological adaptability, and the populations imported into the United States and Cuba have been established and developed rapidly. The Cuban population is considered to have played an important role in the extinction of Cuban crocodiles in La Nir Wetland. On the other hand, many countries in Latin America have established management schemes for the sustainable utilization of caiman, and set the hunting quantity according to the harvest of wild populations. Large male individuals with relatively high economic value are mostly hunted, which will not affect the sustainable utilization of the population. Moreover, there is a strict monitoring system for international trade to monitor the population dynamics of caiman, producers and processors need to hold licenses, and import and export are subject to quota and unified price control. Therefore, the overall population of caiman is in good condition. In different regions and countries, the density of field investigation and the number of inferences vary greatly, which is related to the different seasons of investigation. According to general standards, there are 5~50 crocodiles per kilometer. However, little is known about the population of the subspecies stenoptera. The water it lives in is warm, the water temperature is 25~28 degrees Celsius, while the water temperature nearby is 2 1 ~ 22 degrees Celsius, which was occupied by the crocodile of Jurassic. The problem faced by caiman crocodiles is that illegal trade has never been effectively curbed.
Breeding and utilization
Many countries in South America keep caimans. Colombia's artificial farms produce 300,000 to 450,000 skins every year, and Brazil has established more than 100 artificial farms. In addition to the United States, caimans are also raised in other places. There are caiman farms in Taiwan Province province, China, but the scale is not large. Due to the low value of caiman crocodile skin, the rapid development of aquaculture is often large in quantity and low in economic benefit, which makes it difficult to maintain some farms. At present, the legal crocodile skins provided by Cayman and Fu Yunru Cayman for international trade account for 3/4 of the whole crocodile skin market.
Edit this film: Introduction to Caiman 2006
Mbth Caimano, Il (2006)
Movie: caiman
Director: nanni moretti nanni moretti
Starring: silvio orlando from silvio orlando/margherita buy from margherita buy/Jasmine Trinca from Molly Tricca.
Genre: drama/comedy
More Chinese titles: political predators
More foreign titles: caiman/crocodile /Ca? Manle
Length: France: 1 12 minutes
Country/Region: France/Italy
Dialogue language: Italian
Issuing company: Bac Films
Release date: March 24, 2006, Italy
Official website: Bac Films [fr]
Plot introduction
Bruno Bonnomeau (silvio orlando) was a famous filmmaker in the 1970s, but he failed in film production and marriage. Bruno Bunum once lost his job after numerous film business failures.
Bruno Bunum's wife Paula (Margarita White) is an actress. After working with him many times, she married him and gave birth to a son. After divorcing Bruno Bunum, Paula lived alone with her son.
Caiman Stills (7)
Later, he signed a contract with Italian sports station to make a film about Columbus' return. However, his famous co-director Caspio Caspio (played by Gilano montague) refused to participate in this project, so Bruno Bunum had to find another way.
Teresa (Molly Tinka), a young female directors, gave her play Caiman (with the same name) to Bruno Bunum, who promised to cooperate with her before reading the script, just because he was deeply attracted by this young unmarried mother. Because Theresa's play The Caiman is a satire on Italian Prime Minister and media tycoon Silvio Berlusconi, it is a controversial topic. Silvio berlusconi is a very powerful public figure connected with the mafia. Everyone is afraid of this film, even the public TV station refuses to make it. Money and actors are also big problems.
But at this time, the bank asked Bruno Bunum to repay his long-term debt, and his life collapsed and became very poor. He must find an investor, shoot the Caiman with Teresa and let the film be released. This is the only possibility for him to "resurrect".
Bruno Bunum urges a Polish tycoon (Jackie Stewart) to invest in their films in exchange for the leading role of the famous actor Kyle Pritz Marco Pricci (michele placido). ...
comment
Caiman is a multi-level drama, which often confuses nanni moretti's personal position and political position. It is a mixture of political life and private life, with a metaphorical structure, which may be intentional by the director. In any case, it makes the film more comic and attractive.
-Deborah Young, American Variety Magazine
Behind the scenes production
[About movies]
The scene in this play is a satire on Italian Prime Minister and media tycoon silvio berlusconi. It is a controversial topic that Berlusconi changed Italian constitutionalism through Italian television and his actions. Silvio berlusconi is a very powerful public figure connected with the mafia. He went into politics because he didn't want to go to jail. Theresa in the film has always wanted to make a film about Berlusconi. Nanni moretti thinks that although his films are about politics, they are also a love story, even with comedy elements, which inherits the style of traditional Italian films in 1960s and 1970s. The structure of the play in the film is relatively novel, and the actor's performance is excellent. The director himself also participated in the performance, which is very emotional and humorous. This is a film with Ferini style.
Nanni moretti's visual humor has a great space in this film. For example, when Italian banknotes fall from the ceiling, people will shout "Where did they come from?" However, although the film contains too many comedy elements, it can't cover up its tragic core. When uncertain whether Berlusconi can win the new election, the director deliberately said through his mouth: "In any case, he has won!" "
Nanni moretti interpreted Berlusconi as a sign of the disintegration of Italian society. His values and lifestyle forged the taste and values of Italian society, and few people can resist this powerful force, except the stubborn Teresa. As a political film, some people may compare it with michael moore's documentary Fahrenheit 9 1 1. The director thinks the caiman is a comedy, not a documentary. It's not about Berlusconi, but more about Italy's crisis of faith, which helps the audience in Italy and even the world to understand the current situation in Italy.
[About the director]
Italian filmmaker nanni moretti was born in Italy on August 9, 1953, and lived in Rome as a child. At that time he was very keen on movies and water polo. 1970 Join the Italian youth water polo team. At the same time, he became interested in politics and supported the left in parliament. 1973 after graduating from high school, nanni moretti bought a video camera and filmed a short film with his friends. His film career began in 1978 in Ecce Bombo. This film, which was shot with a 16mm camera and described the lost generation in Italy, is very popular. He also participated in the Palme d 'Or award competition in Cannes Film Festival.
Nanni moretti is a film fanatic who combines the titles of director, screenwriter, actor and producer, and has become one of the most qualified directors in the "Author's Palace" with his distinctive personal imprint in his works. He has successively won 198 1 Venice International Film Festival jury special award, 1985 Berlin Film Festival Silver Bear Award and 1993 Cannes Film Festival Best Director Award. In 200 1 year, his film "figlio Festival" (La) won the 54th Palme d 'Or Award. In this film, Bruno Bunum abandoned his wife and lovely son, which seems to be the reappearance of the film "The Son's Room".
[About actors]
Silvio orlando brings the nuances of his contradiction to the protagonist Bruno Bunum, and at the same time exaggerates Bruno Bunum's innocence, adding comedy elements to the film.
Margarita Bai, the actress who plays Bruno Bunum's wife Paula, is over forty, but her charm still exists. Her fame is not limited to Italy, but spread all over the world.
Molly Dinka plays the leading role in this film-the charming young director Teresa. The young female directors, who is also an unmarried mother, has no experience, but has been endowed with faith and stubborn personality, which is a symbol of the resistance of a few powerful powers. Molly Dinka took Teresa's tenacious personality to the extreme.
Michele placido plays the leading role in The Performance, which is his first film.
Polish actor Jackie Stewart is a big star known to the world audience, and also one of the box office guarantees of Carmen.
titbits
The film was released before the Italian election in 2006, and the media and political commentators thought it would have some influence on the voting.
Some top Italian stars, such as Gilano montague, carlo mazzacurati Carlo Mazar Kulati and Antonio Luigi Maldi Antonio Luigi Maldi, only played small roles in the film.
Italian star silvio orlando, the director's royal actor, vividly portrayed the image of a satirical fool producer in this film.
The director personally plays Italian Prime Minister and media tycoon silvio berlusconi in the film. Search on Baidu, it's very simple!