Planting techniques of Chinese cabbage
Selection of farming sites:
Plots with loose and fertile soil, good soil stability, and strong water conservation, water supply and oxygen supply capacity should be selected. There are perfect water conservancy facilities in the field, which can discharge energy for irrigation. It is not suitable to plant cauliflower in low-lying and sticky land in alpine cultivation, otherwise the plant will grow badly and get black root disease easily. Because of the low temperature and little rainfall in the plain area, it can be planted in early spring, but it should be made into a wide and high border and covered with plastic film to prevent moisture. Continuous cropping areas should strengthen pest control and supplement micro-fertilizers. Sloping dry land, such as sweet potato land, has poor water retention capacity and is prone to drought. Alpine cultivation can be used in the first half of the year, and it can not be used in general years without watering conditions in the second half of the year. Should we choose 600 meters above sea level for planting in alpine areas? Between1200m. When planting alpine cauliflower in areas below 800 meters above sea level, we should avoid high temperature season or choose more heat-resistant varieties, such as? Green cauliflower for 70 days? Wait a minute.
Production season:
(1) planting in low mountainous areas below 350 meters above sea level.
65438+Sow in spring from late February to early October of/kloc-0, raise seedlings in greenhouse with heat preservation from late February to early March, and plant in the field with plastic film covering the small arch shed. Such as sowing in late February to early March, and raising seedlings in greenhouse or small arch shed. It can be planted in the open field from late March to early April. It can be harvested in April or from mid-May to early June. Sowing in mid-June to autumn in July, shading seedling, sowing in early July to August, and harvesting in late August to165438+1early October.
(2) Cultivation in mountainous areas with altitude of 800 ~ 1200m.
Sow from mid-February to mid-March, the seedling age is about 30 days, sow from mid-March to mid-April, and harvest from mid-May to June. The 65-day sowing period of green farmers is from late March to July, and the seedling age is 20-35 days. It can be planted from late April to mid-August, and harvested from the end of May to165438+1early October. Alpine seedlings are protected by facilities (mostly small arch sheds), which can play the role of heat preservation and cold protection in spring and rain protection and moisture conservation in summer and autumn.
On-site management:
① Topdressing
Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer at seedling stage, and thin fertilizer can be applied frequently to promote rosette leaves. Phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were mainly applied before and after germination, and then bud fertilizer was applied. Generally, watering with water can prolong the expansion period of flower buds and promote the development and expansion of flower heads. Under the condition of high temperature and drought, it is common that the lack of soil moisture hinders the absorption of nutrients by plants. Therefore, fertilization must be organically combined with water supply, and watering with water can improve the utilization rate of fertilizer and enhance the quick effect. In the process of growth, medium and trace fertilizers such as boron, molybdenum, magnesium and sulfur should be added to correct the lack of elements in plants. Among them, boron has a very significant effect on the yield and quality of flower heads, and it must be applied to leaves in two or three times, especially during the flower head expansion period. In the process of topdressing in the middle and late stage, it is necessary to refuse to use ammonium bicarbonate or fertilizers containing ammonium bicarbonate to avoid hairiness in the flower heads. Balanced fertilization is mainly based on decomposed manure and urine water, combined with the application of quick-acting chemical fertilizers, and the amount and times of fertilization are determined according to plant growth and target yield. General topdressing 1 time, ***3 ~ 4 times. After living trees are planted, rosette leaves are in the early stage, rosette leaves are in the late stage, and buds appear. At the same time, magnesium, boron, molybdenum and other medium and trace element fertilizers are applied. No chemical fertilizer shall be applied within 20 days before the product is harvested.
(2) Cultivate the roots of courage.
The root system of Chinese cabbage originates from the main stem and is hierarchical. In the process of growth, the deep roots are aging, and new roots appear in the near-surface stems, which are generally shallow, and the fibrous roots are mainly distributed near the main stems. It is found that the root system is deep in cold season and shallow in warm season, which may be related to the tropism of root growth to ground temperature. On the other hand, in agricultural operations, most basic fertilizers and topdressing are applied shallowly, which also promotes the growth of roots to the surface. Therefore, cauliflower production generally needs to cultivate soil, which can promote adventitious roots, stabilize the soil environment for root growth, and enhance plant growth and lodging resistance. Under the conditions of rainy roots, high temperature and drought, the soil cultivation effect of alpine cauliflower is particularly obvious, which enhances the stress resistance and has a significant effect on increasing production. The general growth process should be combined with weeding, loosening soil, fertilization and ridging 1 ~ 3 times. At least, the cauliflower without ridges should be planted deeper. In production, cauliflower should be planted shallowly without soil, and its growth and yield are not good. The method of cultivating soil is to cultivate soil in planting holes and soil ditches between plants and soil piled in the middle of the border, and finally form a turtle-back-shaped uniform border surface. It is wrong to form two small beds on one bed after soil cultivation, which often happens in shallow planting holes in the field.
③ Water resources management
Chinese cabbage has thin leaves, which can reach 17 ~ 23 in the middle and late growth period, which is 6 ~ 8 more than ordinary cauliflower varieties. When the amount of steamed vines is large, wilting often occurs in the field, especially when it suddenly clears up after continuous rainy days, opens its eyes after flooding, or under the conditions of high temperature, drought and strong light. Therefore, the vegetable soil planted with Chinese cabbage should not be too wet to lead to root retting, nor too dry to lead to water shortage. In general production, methods and measures such as ditch cleaning and drainage, timely watering, soil cultivation and bacon, mowing and plastic film mulching are adopted to adjust the soil moisture status in time, and strive to balance water supply and keep the soil moist and loose. Irrigation and watering during drought are prohibited; Drainage in time after the rain, there is no water in the site. Before planting live trees in summer, water 1 time every evening to prevent drought, and it is best to shade under high temperature and strong light.
④ Bundle leaves to protect flowers. Whether in spring or midsummer, the flower balls will turn yellow in the sun, and the color changes more deeply in summer and autumn under strong light. This change not only affects the appearance of goods, but also affects the fresh and tender quality of flower balls, so flower ball care is an important part in the production of alpine pine cabbage. Different from the flower ball care of common cauliflower, the method of bundling leaves to protect flowers is usually adopted instead of folding leaves to cover flowers, especially in the production process of cultivating big balls mainly by sparse planting. Because the flower ball is fluffy and huge, the overlap of inner leaves is poor, and the flower ball develops and leaves out at the same time, the folded leaves used to cover flowers are often spread by the flower ball and moved by the growth of inner leaves, so the shading effect is not good.
The specific method of tying leaves to protect flowers is as follows: when the flower ball grows to the size of a fist, 4 ~ 5 alternating big leaves near the flower ball are pulled and overlapped, and then 1 ~ 2 small bamboo sticks, grass stems or small firewood stems with a thickness of 2 ~ 3 mm and a length of 7 ~ 10 cm are used as fixed connectors, and the tips of the overlapped leaves are punctured and fixed at the main vein. The stricter the shading and flower protection, the better. Tight leaves and flower protectors can completely prevent sunlight from shining on the flower ball, and even in the midsummer environment, the whole flower ball can still remain white and tender. Compared with the usual method of folding leaves and covering flowers, the method of tying leaves and protecting flowers is completed at one time, which avoids the trouble of folding leaves and covering flowers many times, saves labor and time and has better effect.
Key points of Chinese cabbage planting
1, suitable varieties, reasonable arrangement of farming time.
The growth period after transplanting is generally about 60~ 100 days, which belongs to the middle maturity type. At present, the seeds of Chinese cabbage mainly come from varieties bred in Taiwan Province Province and Wenzhou.
Generally, due to different varieties of Chinese cabbage, the sowing date is July 65438+May-23rd, and the harvest period is June165438+1October to June 65438+February.
2. Cultivate strong seedlings and advocate plug seedlings.
The sowing date of Chinese cabbage often coincides with the high temperature and rainy season, so it is necessary to choose a field with high terrain, difficult flooding and convenient irrigation and drainage as the seedbed. The seedling raising methods of Chinese cabbage can be two-stage seedling raising method, nutrient block method or plug seedling raising method.
Advocate plug seedling. Choose a 50-hole or 72-hole plug tray, mix peat+perlite+vermiculite and other soilless substrates according to a certain proportion, add a small amount of soil bactericide and trace compound fertilizer, add water and stir evenly, and then put them into the tray. The sowing depth is about 0.5cm, and each hole is sown with 1~2 grains. After sowing, it is covered with a layer of substrate, which is permeable to water and covered with sunshade net to keep moisture. In summer, the shed is covered with 50% transparent sunshade net, so water management is particularly important. Be careful that the water in the plug matrix should not be too wet or too dry for too long. Control Spodoptera exigua, Spodoptera litura, Plutella xylostella, flea beetle and aphid with 65,438+0,000 times of Jintangyin at seedling stage. Generally, the seedling age is controlled at about 23 days, and the seedlings are tempered one week before transplanting.
3. Reasonable close planting, scientific fertilization and scientific water use.
Before transplanting, 500 kg of organic fertilizer, 40 kg of 45% ternary compound fertilizer and borax 1 kg were applied to each mu of production field. According to the topography, soil fertility and management level, the boundary width is determined. Generally, the width of the border is 1.2m, and the spacing between plants is 0.48-0.6m Due to variety differences, there are 800-2400 plants per mu/kloc-0. 33% stone100-150ml for weeding.
Chinese cabbage is planted in the field in the afternoon or on cloudy days, and chlorpyrifos particles are coated on acupoints. After planting in the field, root water is poured continuously (thoroughly). Topdressing should be carried out in 2~3 times. After sowing 100 days, apply 5- 10 kg of urea or 0/500 kg of decomposed biogas slurry per mu, apply 40 kg of 45% compound fertilizer to intertillage soil before and after enclosure (after transplanting 1 month), and apply urea 10 kg per mu at the initial stage. Drain water in time after heavy rain to prevent water accumulation in the field and keep the soil moist during the nodulation period.
4, safe medication, comprehensive prevention and control of pests and diseases.
The main pests and diseases of Chinese cabbage are root rot, downy mildew, soft rot, cabbage caterpillar, aphid, whitefly, beetle, diamondback moth, beet armyworm, Spodoptera litura and so on. Select disease-resistant varieties, distinguish between fungal and bacterial diseases, implement crop rotation, and drain water in time. After continuous rainy days, actively control root rot, downy mildew and soft rot, 7 days 1 time, 2~3 times in a row. According to the information of pests and diseases, we should actively use moth sex attractants, lights and other methods to control pests, make clear the feeding characteristics of pests, use drugs in a targeted manner, choose biological pesticides as far as possible, reduce the dosage of pesticides, and strictly abide by the safe interval of pesticides.
5. Frost protection
6, timely harvest, timely treatment of residual leaves.
Generally, the harvest period is about 20 days after the flowering of pine vegetables. In order to make the flower ball white, when the flower ball is 5 cm large, the method of folding leaves or tying leaves can be used to protect the flower ball from direct sunlight. When the flower heads are fully expanded and the periphery begins to loosen, it is the suitable harvesting time for fresh pine cabbage, and the harvesting of dehydrated flower heads can be postponed appropriately. 3 ~ 5 leaves can be left when harvesting to protect the flower ball and avoid mechanical damage or pollution during storage and transportation. Sell the cabbage as soon as possible after harvest, or put it in a cold storage at about 4℃ for pre-cooling.
After harvesting, the roots and leaves left in the field should be treated harmlessly in time to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases. Rootstocks and leaves are excellent green feed for sheep and rabbits.
Control methods of pests and diseases of pine vegetables
The main pests are aphids, Plutella xylostella, liriomyza sativae, caterpillars, Pieris rapae, Spodoptera litura, Spodoptera exigua, mole cricket, striped flea beetle, Bemisia tabaci and so on.
Prevention and control should be implemented? Prevention first, comprehensive prevention and control? The policy of plant protection is to give priority to agricultural control, physical control and biological control, scientifically coordinate the use of chemical control, strictly control the frequency of drug use, observe the safety interval, control pests and diseases below the allowable economic threshold, and control pesticide residues within the national green food standards, so as to achieve the goal of safety, high quality and harmlessness.
① Set yellow boards to trap and kill aphids: 100 cm? 20 cm yellow boards are hung between rows or plants at a density of 30-40 pieces/mu, which is higher than the top of plants to trap and kill aphids, usually for 7 days? Apply oil again every 10 day.
(2) Using insecticidal lamps and sex pheromones to trap and kill pests. Install insecticidal lamps and sex pheromones in the fields to trap and kill pests.