Calculated on the present map, this Miao-inhabited area has a longitude of 360 miles, a latitude of 240 miles, a circumference of 1,200 miles, and an area of 21,600 square kilometers, containing 12 counties and cities, including Tongren, Songtao, Xiushan, Youyang, Yuanling, Luxi, Jishou, Guzhan, Huayuan, Baojing, Phoenix, and Mayang. In addition, Yongshun, Longshan, Sangtse, Dayong, and the western edge of the county, there are still Red Hmong settlements.
This piece of the Miao border in the history of the frame, its territory has remained relatively stable. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, efforts were made to pacify the Miao, but it was only after 37 years that the raw Miao in Youyang began to return to the fold. According to the Ming History, "In the third year of the Yongle era (1405), the commanders Ding Neng and Dufu instructed Yajian and other 11 villages to send their sons to the imperial court, and ordered them to be subordinate to the Youyang Xuanfusi Department." To the Guangxu eight years (1882), the official engraved "moved to build Anhua County monument," still said "the east of Guizhou copper Si belongs to the Fanjingshan, towering thousands of feet, stretching hundreds of miles, to the Miao people live."
On this piece of land, the small and medium-sized Tusi who govern the Miao people are mostly filled by the Miao people, while the big Tusi who bear the responsibility of governance are mostly filled by the Han people. Republic of China in the twentieth year (1931) compiled by the Yuanling County Records, still citing historical records to state this historical fact. The record says: "The barbarian department (referring to the Miao) has its own chiefs, and their chiefs are all different from each other, and they cannot be united. The Han people's talent and cunning, often use it to combine the chiefs, so that they obey their orders. The Xizhou clan was honored by the Han Chinese and respected by the barbarians." However, in the 1950s, there was a new version of this historical fact. Prof. Pan Guangdan in his more than 100,000 words of special report, "'Tushi' is not a general Tujia, but 'Tujia people' served as 'Tujia officials After changing the connotation of the Tushi, Pan said about its composition: "Since the Yuan Dynasty, the Tushi in western Hunan have been generally, nine times out of ten, served by the 'Tujia people'". Though still a bit evasive, he finally and bravely transitions to the intended conclusion, which is: "The so-called 'Tushi' system was practiced in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, and up to the Yongzheng year of the Qing dynasty, when the 'reorganization of the land to the flow of water' was carried out, the 'Tushi' of all sizes had to be reorganized to the flow of water. The large and small 'Tusi' were almost exclusively undertaken by 'Tujia' people, who often 'restrained' and suppressed at any time on behalf of the Chinese rulers to the local Miao people."
Is history really like that?
Historically, the Han Chinese big Tusi on the Miao did not play a "constraint" and suppression role. Cai Fuyi, the man who created the Great Wall as a defense against the Miao, emphasized this fact in his official documents.
Cai's word Jingfu, Tong'an, Fujian, Wanli scholar, several times promoted to the Ministry of Military Affairs, right minister, governor of Guizhou, then governor of Guizhou, Yunnan, Hubei military affairs. In the 43rd year of the Wanli reign (1615), Cai was appointed as the Counselor of Huguang, guarding Hubei, and was stationed in Yuanzhou (present-day Zhijiang County) with the management of the Chenyuan Military Defense Department. He wrote in the "Border Defense Article" "responsible for the stanchion" paragraph: "Yongshun (Tusi) constraints on the town of Miao, Baojing (Tusi) constraints on the pole of Miao, every year there are stanchion recognized knot to the Department, Miao sentinel original with the Fumiao defense Sherpa head, monthly food endowment food ... ... ...Today, the stretcher is ineffective, and the recognition of the knot is a mere fiction. In the grass seedlings are particularly rampant, the number of winter and spring seasons into the offense, ten (of) three towns Miao, and ten (of) seven pole Miao also." Not only "by the state's grace of the world has the title of the land" Yongshun, Baojing two Secretary for consolation can not help ZhenGanShengMiao, even specializing in the garrison of the battalion sentry is also like a virtual setup. Ming Dynasty official Ma Xie wrote in the same kind of official document: "(sentry) not for self-improvement plan, willing to pander to the art of Miao." "...... It is really called fearing the Miao like a tiger, and seeing oneself as a rat."
This situation remained unchanged in the Qing Dynasty. Qing Kangxi thirty-ninth year (1700) Lake Canton Governor Guo (left Wang right show) in reflecting the situation and defense of the Miao border, wrote: "successive governors of the town ministers, stop the discussion of Yongshun, Baojing two Tusi sub-Zhai fugue, Tusi is quite far away from each other, and the soldiers have not been systematic, but can be occasional for the requisition, and not convenient to its permanent fugue." Ten years later, Hunan Governor Zhao Shenqiao in the "title of the six miles of Miao people to the town of creek Qianzhou with the governor of the Fu tube疏" pointed out that the Secretary of the burden of the "no real help". The sparse that: "Zhen rod has Zhen Miao, pole Miao points, Zhen Miao to the Department of Zhenxi tube caresses, pole Miao that is red Miao, to the Department of pole Ziping Chief Secretary caresses. Formerly Ming to the town of Miao to make Yongshun Division commitment, pole Miao to make Baojing Division commitment, Miao Nai rebel service is not always, the two soil Division has the name of commitment, no real help. It is this sang, canceled the Yongbao two Secretary to bear the "constraints" of the Hmong false name, to return to the flow of the land.
Why can't the Han Chinese Tuji restrain the Miao people? There are three main reasons.
One is that the social structure of the Miao is different from that of other ethnic groups. The Miao is a people who advocate freedom and emphasize self-consciousness, and its respect and inferiority are all determined by the strength of the strength of the weak, no spiritual factors, so its social management framework is a multi-systematic and unstable structure, because it is not a solid pagoda-shaped model, so that the rulers of the foreigners can not be mentioned in the outline of the main points. There are many historical records on this point. In the Ming Dynasty, Guo Zizhang, who was the governor of Guizhou, wrote in "Qianji - the barbarians": "The Miao barbarians have a hoard of mines without a city, and there is a chief without a ruler." The Qing Dynasty Phoenix Jingxiu Shuyuan mountain head Sun Junquan in the "Miao barbarians to identify" wrote: "barbarians still have the upper and lower points, Miao is no discipline." On the characteristics of the Miao society, "Yongsui Hall Zhi" has a more detailed account: "Sang Miao each sub-Zhai Lu ...... have tribes without chiefs, their customs do not take human life as the importance of the walled village has a father and son and brothers of several dozens of people, strong beams of Jiandou or can see the official speak Hakka words, the walled village in fear of the *** pushed for the walled village; such as the walled village If there is another person and a household, then each for the party. Or a walled village or a walled village several chiefs, all to the prosperity of the strong and weak iterative change, not as good as the other part of the chiefs of the world under the jurisdiction of the also."
The second is the living environment of the Miao, foreigners are difficult to adapt. Xupu people Yan Ru Yu, Jiaqing first year (1796) levy filial piety Lian Fangzheng, the first court examination, with the county trial Shaanxi, and then with the army to suppress the Miao uprising in western Hunan, authored "Miao defense preparedness", "Miao border customs ko" and a variety of literature on the Miao people. He wrote in the "general discussion of the Miao realm matters for the construction of the fort proposal": "...... and the water of the streams and rivers, both the horse and the fishy filth can not be imported. Its spring water slightly cleaner, are magma, extremely cold, defeat people's spleens and stomachs, soldiers and soldiers drink, water and soil are not convinced, more than malaria and diarrhea two diseases, or consumptive yellow swellings, limb weakness, the terrain to make it so."
Three is the Miao people's tactical fighting skills, elite in other ethnic groups, difficult to subdue. In this regard, Yan Ru Yu in his piece of "discussion" wrote: "other provinces near the edge of the barbarians, with a bow as a weapon, easy to cover up the defense. Miao people this cottage good to fight the enemy. Miao people five or six years old that is practicing birdshot, planting mountains to catch the field, inch by inch." Yan also said that the Miao land to the production of earth sulfur, hole nitrate, Miao people formulate gunpowder technology "better than the mainland", "put the firearms are not the barbarians can and." On the tactics of the Miao people, Yan wrote: "my army cast artillery, they are dug Kan ambush to avoid; that is, can not be avoided, and three or five teams, in the death of fewer people." In order to make the official army attaches great importance to the tactics of the Miao people, "Miao Defense Miscellaneous Knowledge" in the corroboration of Yan's account wrote: "(Miao) encountered the enemy will be the first to choose the earth can rock arena, ambush in the dark, after the release of the gun, that is, more than ten paces back from the mangrove to avoid him in order to prevent the counterattack." It concluded that "the Miao musket is the most difficult to guard against."
Yan Ru Yu in the "motion" also wrote: "Miao people live in the risk of brisk cliffs and apes wall, non-human traces can be reached. Outside the strong flag, wrenching aid a steep slope, has been breathless can not act, and can be with the pursuit of the tiptoe?" And how did the Miao people behave in such a dangerous mountainous area? See "Qianzhou Hall Records" records: "And the Miao walk cliffs and valleys to and fro as brisk, or bright east and dark west, embankment less sparse, a battalion of something, several battalions of vibration carry on."
All kinds of conditions of the ancient Miao society decided that most of the small and medium-sized Secretary of State below the big Secretary of State have to be filled by the Miao people, because only they can play a certain role in the Miao people's jurisdiction and constraints. As for the statement that "almost all of the small and medium-sized Tusi were taken over by the Tujia", it is only Prof. Pan Guangdan's personal judgment, not the true picture of history. However, this statement has been taken by a few scholars as a scientific assertion, which leads people into the wrong area. The reason for this situation is mainly due to the influence of the "Five Surnames True Miao" and the result of the graphic interpretation of national oppression.
"Five real Miao said" artificially narrowed the scope of the Miao, so that we put some of the Miao Tusi as a foreign race. This is first seen in Sun Junquan's "Miao barbarians", which said: "the barbarians in the big surnames are Peng's, Shu's, Xiang's, Ran's, Tian's, each with their own subsoil, in the ring of the five kinds of soil chiefs, there are stone, Long, Wu, hemp and other surnames, today's Miao surname, doubt that is the seedling." By the Jiaqing period, Yan Ru Yu wrote in the "Ping Miao Motion": "Statistics of the three kinds of Miao, but Wu, Long, Shi, Ma, Liao five surnames for the real Miao, and its Ouyang, Peng, Hong and other surnames is a foreigner into the family, Xi Xi its custom for a long time so as to become a clan." This deepened the saying that five kinds of indigenous chiefs are Miao to "five surnames are true Miao", i.e., the saying that five surnames are true Miao. This statement was inherited by later generations, and the fallacy has been passed on to future generations. In fact, the Miao themselves have chipped, did not (Mi), side (Bian), tube, card, to (Lai), publication, such as the seven major Miao surnames, they use countless Chinese surnames, according to how many to determine the size of the words, that Peng, to the field is also a large surname in the Miao. About these situations, the author has made a more detailed and elaborated in "Red Miao Surnames and Customs" (see Journal of Jishou University, No. 4, 1995).
According to the modern point of view, in order to reflect the ethnic oppression, the Hmong Tusi, as a part of the ruling class, would not be offended to regard them all as foreigners. That is, at least Hmong scholars would not be concerned with the objectivity of such a definition. On the other hand, because the terms "tusi" and "tujia" were earlier confused by Pan Guangdan, that definition was easily exaggerated, making it seem that there were no Miao tusi among the Miao tusi.
In order to correct the hearing, let's look at the historical facts. First, let's talk about a few Hmong Tusi who are not in dispute.
Wu Bilang, who was the governor of Ganziping during the Xuande era of the Ming Dynasty, led the Miao people to revolt in the fifth year of the Xuande era (1430).
Liao Biao (廖彪), who was the chief of Guanziping in the third year of the Yongle reign of the Ming Dynasty (1405), sent his son to the imperial court to pay tribute along with other Hmong chiefs.
Yang Er, "Luxi Miao Chief" in the early years of the Ming Dynasty.
In the 28th year of the Hongwu era (1395), when Luxi County's jurisdiction was so wide that it encompassed the present-day counties and cities of Luxi, Huayuan, and Jishou, as well as parts of Guzhang and Fenghuang, the imperial court attempted to impose its dominion over the Miao people in the county by registering them in the household registers and handing them out in taxes, which aroused a revolt from the Miao people. In order to quell the unrest in the Miao frontier, "Lu Xi County chief Sun Yinglong into the mine to recruit Yu, leading the Miao long Yang two to play, allowed to lighten the tax, began to cut on the Wudu barbarians are divided into ten miles, set up Zhenxi military and civilian thousands of households, subordinate to the Chenzhou Wei." On this matter, "Ming History", "Hunan Tongzhi", as well as a variety of local histories in western Hunan are recorded. Yang two to Beijing to face the saint's result is: to be paid by the Miao people of 11,000 stone grain minus 10,000 stone, on the LuXi Miao people divided and ruled, cut 124 fortresses for ten miles, for the Qing dynasty during the Kangxi period of Yongsui hall (on the six miles of today's Huayuan county), Qianzhou hall (under four miles, today's Jishou city) asked the casting of the prototype. After the establishment of Zhenxi Military and Civilian Thousand Households, Yang Er and other "Miao of the head of the drainage" was appointed as a centurion to restrain the Miao people.
There are two different theories as to whether there were any Hmong Tuji among the Tien Tuji. Regarding the ethnicity of the first Tian Ruming, the author has already proved that he was a Hmong in "Red Hmong Surnames and Customs", so I won't repeat it here. In order to confirm that that description is not a presumption, the following Hunan General Records and Qianzhou, Fenghuang, Zhijiang three halls of the county records, and then lay out the situation of the two Tien Tusi, from which can also be seen in the Miao Tusi characteristics - rebel service is not always the case.
Ming Jiajing sixteen years (1537), the commanding officer Shao Jian falsely said that the pole ping Wubai Zhai (belonging to today's phoenix county) Miao people Long Laocha, Long party old man, saying that it is for the Sichuan-Guizhou rebel Miao nest dirty. So the town pole guard Chen table to make the landlord Tian Xingjue induced two Miao, solve the Chen Yuan ready to Road government office (now Zhijiang) supervision and waiting. Eighteen years (1539), Longmusuo because of his father Long Laocha died in prison, so led the Miao rebellion, the guard Chen table was impeached and left. The next year, Ya You Zhai (belongs to the present Hua Yuan County) Miao Long Qiu Er, taking advantage of the situation to invite the Sichuan-Guizhou Miao people to rebel. In that year, Tian Xingjue and Zhenxi soil commanders Tian Yingzhao, led by the Ministry of soil soldiers, with the brigade of officers to Tyrannical Wood Camp (Phoenix County WoKu Town JIYin Village) to participate in the suppression of the rebel Miao people. The history of the "soil soldiers", in fact, Phoenix, Jishou, Huayuan three places of the Miao soldiers. As a result of the role of the two fields, the government forces were able to use Liao Yangbao and other Miao chiefs around to recruit, with the "caress" approach to make the battle end as soon as possible. At this time, Tian Xingjue and Tian Yingzhao were standing on the position of the imperial court, playing the function of the Tusi, to fight against the Miao with the Miao.
In the 21st year of Jiajing (1542), Tian Xingjue was detained in the prison of Chenzhou (now Yuanling County) for offending the government, and then he was rescued by some Miao people who secretly bribed officials to hide him in the hinterland of Lal Mountain, which is the hinterland of Shengmiao. The next year, Tian Xingjue led the Miao people to call for rebellion. Tian is a ruthless wolf, he raped women everywhere, and revenge, abuse to rescue their own Miao people out of prison. This guy, once went to the home of the land official Lung Outlaw, because "call his wife does not come", the land official for the child sacrifice for the ancestors of the pig killed. Later, because of fulfillment of lust, forcibly take the ah liu sister-in-law, "negative to cattle, will enter the mountain". At this time, the land official Longgou led the abused Miao people to kill, Tian see outnumbered, "is to hold the knife and battle and go". From Tian Xingjue in Lashan Miao village of all kinds of performance can be seen, the Secretary is through the Miao language, well-versed in the Miao situation, otherwise, there will not be "call their women do not come" of the plot, but also do not dare to use the oxen alone on the beautiful women into the mountains to enjoy, especially he dared to "and war and go", alone in the hinterland of Shengmiao to break into a new life. He dared to "fight and walk" and wander alone in the hinterland of the Sangmiao.
When Tian Xingjue was running away, Pingtou (belonging to today's Songtao County), the governor of the Department of the landlord with a letter of seal and "all the Miao fled to the Waxer". The reason is that the Miao people owed taxes, and in tongren governor urged to pay when fleeing his countryside, so the governor ordered the Secretary to pay back, the Secretary also had to go away. When the flat head of the Secretary of the soil and the rate of the Miao with Tian Xingjue after the encounter, will be jointly called troops rebel, "around the Mayang County, the execution of the county, the official army to discuss the can not grams" (see the "Qianzhou Hall Zhi", the same as above). At this time, Tian Xingjue again completely betrayed the court.
Just when Tian Xingjue called for rebellion, Tian Yingzhao was still working for the court, under the leadership of Wan Boring, vice general of the Imperial Household Bureau, he was involved in the fight against the "Waxing Mountain Barbarians in Hunan and Guangdong" (see "Ming History"). Wan Boring adopted Tian Yingzhao's strategy, both soft and hard, to the Miao leaders to know the power, entice to profit, and later, as contained in the Hunan Tongzhi: "Zhenxi Tushi Tian Yingzhao and so on, recruited out of the (Long) begged for more than 50 people." The rest of the Miao people, by the official army in each case, the Miao frontier to get a short period of quiet.
Standing on the official position, all kinds of historical materials on the one hand, recognized the energy of Tian Yingzhao, on the one hand, but also said that he was "crafty and deceitful". Indeed, as a foreigner, Tian Yingzhao has no sense of filial piety and loyalty to the emperor, obedience is only superficial, that is only to seek personal interests, the nature of the rebellion, once the time is ripe will be revealed. For the foreign tribes, he has no feelings to speak of, secretly create conflicts, instigate right and wrong, let Yongshun, Baojing two tribes to kill each other, they sit on the mountain to watch the tigers, and from both sides of the favor, both sides of the accept bribes. In addition, he also secretly colluded and support Tian Xingjue and Pingtou Tusi called the rebellion. After the Miao rebellion was quelled, in 1548, he did the same thing again and secretly collaborated with the Guizhou Miao chief Long Xu Bao and other rebels. Tian Yingzhao knew that he was only a cat in the court, and if the mouse did not make trouble, the cat would lose its original position. This guy "war is sheltering thieves risking credit, caress is repeatedly to be heavy funds" (see "Qianzhou Hall Records"), so that the campaign to level the Miao for a long time, but not to put pressure on the government.
Jiajing thirty years (1551), Long Xu Bao, Wu Heimiao once again led the Hunan-Guizhou Miao people revolt, captured the Sizhou province. They took Li Yunjian, the governor of the county, and other officials. This time, the Miao people rebelled against the government and received secret support from the Ran Tusi of Youyang. At this time, Tian Yingzhao rebelled against the court, led the troops of the Youyang Tusi soldiers in the Pingcha area repeatedly obstructed the official army. The imperial censor Zhang Yue, who was ordered to conquer the Miao, repeatedly sent people to call Tian Yingzhao to stop the army to see, but Tian did not listen. Later, Zhang Yue detected Tian's uncle Tian Mian, Rao brave and cruel, often used as a backing by Yingzhao, they designed to arrest him and clubbed to death. At this time, Tian Yingzhao some fear, sent to Zhang Yue said to reform, Zhang allowed it to redeem the crime, but Tian and changed his mind not to come out of the mountain, Zhang Yue will cut his soil command position. Jiajing thirty-two years (1553), under the siege of the government troops, Tian Yingzhao feel the situation is difficult to maintain, they went to Yongshun Xuanhuanshi to see Zhang Yue said to submit. Zhang Yue first punished him by beating him with a stick, then ordered him to accompany the government army to conquer the Miao, but later he killed him and hanged his head in the city to punish the other Miao chiefs.
From the relevant historical data, it can be seen that, by the Han Chinese as the Miao frontier, the direct influence on the Miao is not great, they are only responsible for a "bear" and "constraints" of the Miao people's name, only in the court mobilized the official army to suppress the resistance of the Miao people, the rate of troops with the army, to fight against, relying on the Miao people to fight against. When the imperial court mobilized the government army to suppress the resistance of the Miao people, they led their troops to go in for suppression and relied on the small and medium-sized Tusi, which were filled by the Miao people, to play the role of vanguard. The small and medium sized Tusi, which are filled by the Miao people, can play a direct role for the Miao people, and they have the two-faced nature of being obedient and rebellious at the same time. In the submissive court to suppress the rebellion of the Miao people, they are familiar with the terrain, understand the tactics, know the language, always as the front line of the front line of the soldiers, but they are often used to offer advice to pacify the Miao chiefs to end the war. In this way, the government troops could withdraw as soon as possible, and the Miao tribe could also save their strength, so the stability after each battle was only short-lived. On the whole, the Miao frontier was always in turmoil, so the Tusi were able to take power in the midst of chaos until they were converted. Once the Miao Tusi rebel against the court, the end is to cut off the head, so the history of the small and medium-sized Miao Tusi, not many can hereditary his position.