The seed morphology of thorn mustard:

The nutlet is trigonous-ellipsoid, with a brown or tan surface, slightly glossy, and densely dotted with small pockmarks visible under the anatomical microscope. The dorsal and lateral surfaces are flat, the lower part of the ventral surface is ribbed, reaching straight to the white dotted umbilicus, the pericarp is mucilaginous after being immersed in water, and contains one seed.

The seed is ellipsoid, the surface is dirty white or light brownish-yellow, the tip is obtuse, the ventral surface has a brown linear ridge, the chalazal point is located slightly above the middle of the seed, the umbilicus is located in the proximal lower part of the seed, and the testa is thinly membranous. Embryo straight, white, containing oil, radicle fine, cotyledons 2, plump, ovate-elliptic, base slightly cordate. Thousand grains weight 0.25 grams.