I. The Origin of Chinese Agriculture
China is one of the birthplaces of mankind. Between 1.7 million and 10,000 years ago, there were primitive human beings living on this vast land that had broken away from the animal kingdom. At that time, agriculture was not yet produced, and primitive human beings relied on gathering, fishing and hunting to make a living, known as the Paleolithic Age, which is equivalent to the ancient Chinese legend of the Aristotle's "constructing wood as a nest", the Suiren's "drilling flint to get fire" and Fuxi's "fishing with tenants". and Fuxi's "fishing with tenants". However, with the growth of population and the intensification of gathering, fishing and hunting, human beings often faced the threat of starvation. How to obtain a stable and reliable source of food became the driving force behind the origin of agriculture.
Agriculture was first practiced 10,000 to 4,000 years ago during the Neolithic Era. It is generally believed that gathering activities gave birth to the primitive planting industry, hunting activities gave birth to the primitive animal husbandry. The ancient Chinese legend of "Shennong's" reflects the era in which primitive agriculture took place.
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China's primitive planting industry in the Neolithic era went through three stages of development, namely, 10,000 to 8,000 years ago for the primitive slash-and-burn or fire-plowing stage; 8,000 to 5,000 years ago for the primitive hoeing plowing or ploughing stage; 5,000 to 4,000 years ago for the development of hoeing plowing stage. In terms of production tools, this period completed the evolution from "slash-and-burn" to developed hoe-ploughing; in terms of the farming system, it completed the transformation from the raw land farming system that changed from year to year to the rotating land farming system that even planted for three to five years and left the land fallow for three to five years, and the utilization rate of the land improved significantly compared with the previous one. Crop species have increased, the northern dry corn, millet common, southern rice indica, japonica coexist, hemp, ramie become the main raw material of people's clothing, gourd, cabbage, celery, broad beans, watermelon, melon and so on have also begun to cultivate. As a result of the development of primitive agriculture, people in this period began to move from the previous nomadic and seasonal camping life gradually into a sedentary life, and men gradually took a leading role in agricultural production, thus realizing the transition from matrilineal to patrilineal clan communes.
In terms of primitive animal husbandry, the domestication of domesticated animals has increased over time. Hebei Wuan magnetic mountain and Henan Xinzheng Pei Ligang site of domestic pigs, domestic dogs and domestic chicken bones unearthed, indicating that seven or eight thousand years ago in the Central Plains region has a primitive animal husbandry. A little later in the Yangshao culture sites and cattle remains were unearthed. Dawenkou and Longshan culture site also found in the horse, goat and sheep remains. So far, in the north of China's horses, cows, sheep, chickens, dogs, boars, "six animals" all the animal husbandry has taken shape. In southern China, the history of pig farming can be pushed back to 8000 to 10000 years. Zhejiang Hemudu site also unearthed the remains of buffaloes and domestic dogs, indicating that six or seven thousand years ago to raise pigs, dogs, buffaloes as the content of the southern animal husbandry has been the initial development.
In 1926, China's archaeologists in Shanxi Xiaxian Xiyin Village in the Neolithic site found "a half cut, like silk cocoon shells". 1958 in Zhejiang Wuxing Qianshanyang site and found a number of silk fabrics, indicating that as early as 5,000 to 6,000 years ago, our country has begun to raise silkworms satin silk, textile technology has been a considerable level.
Three, crude agriculture stage
To five or six thousand years ago, the primitive agriculture in the Yellow River Basin further developed, the population of the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River continued to flourish, and gradually became the center of the Central Plains of the economy and culture. The Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties successively established strong states here. Xia, Shang and Zhou belonged to the slavery era, which lasted for more than 1300 years. The agriculture in this period made some progress according to the primitive agriculture, but it was still in the stage of crude agriculture.
The Xia Dynasty was an era when the primitive commune began to disintegrate and gradually moved towards a slave society. Private property had sprouted, and the land system metamorphosed from a rural commune system to a slave-owning state ownership system. The king owned all the land and divided it into vassal and vassal, and finally cultivated it by the "common people", which is called "under the sky, there is no one who is not the king's land. In other words, "under the whole sky, there is nothing that is not the king's land, and under the land that is not the king's subjects". Due to the establishment of the form of national rule and the hierarchical zoning management, thus promoting the development of agricultural production in the system. Xia Dynasty government agencies set up a special water irrigation officials in charge. Organized slave labor provided essential manpower for the construction of water conservancy projects. Therefore, the large-scale construction of rivers and ditches during the Xia Dynasty played a positive role in promoting the development of agricultural production. The story of Dayu is a vivid portrayal of this history. The people of the Xia Dynasty also pioneered the science of astronomy and, based on farming experience and the development of agricultural affairs, formulated calendars and calendars to guide and standardize agricultural production. At that time, the grain brewing industry was formed and became the precursor of agricultural products processing. The invention of pottery provided an effective method for the processing of grain foodstuffs, and also created the basic conditions for metal smelting. In the late Xia Dynasty, bronzes had already appeared, which had an epoch-making impact on the subsequent changes in the tools of agricultural production.
The Shang Dynasty was the heyday of slavery, which lasted for more than 600 years and was the longest-existing dynasty in China's history. The social economy and science and culture of the Shang dynasty have made great progress, agriculture has become the main production sector of society, the production of agricultural tools is more refined than the Xia dynasty. In addition to wood, bone and stone tools, there are a small number of bronze agricultural tools in the late Shang Dynasty. The Shang Dynasty also created the well field system, with 630 acres of land divided into 9 districts. 1 district 70 acres of public land, the remaining 8 districts were awarded a family, borrowing the power of the 8 families to help plow the public land, the private field is no longer tribute. This form of taxation undoubtedly had a positive effect on the emancipation of slave productivity.
In the 11th century BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, and China entered a period of transition from a slave society to a feudal society. The Western Zhou continued to implement the policy of feudalization, which led to the proliferation of households in the feudal states, the expansion of fields, the opening up of sources of wealth, and great progress in agricultural production.
The Western Zhou inherited the ditch and moat system of the Xia Dynasty and the well-field system of the Shang Dynasty, and practiced the system of wells and ditches. There was a large increase in both wooden and bronze agricultural tools. With the increase in population in the Central Plains, the types of crops are becoming more and more diversified. In addition to grain, beans, hemp, vegetables, fruit cultivation developed rapidly. Vegetable varieties have straight root class, potato and taro class, tender vegetables, green onions, smooth and fragrant lettuce class a variety of. Fruit trees have deciduous fruit tree belt and deciduous evergreen fruit tree mixed belt fruit tree varieties more than 40 kinds.
In animal husbandry, the Western Zhou Dynasty has invented the horse dehumanization, the treatment of livestock internal and surgical diseases has also accumulated initial experience. In forestry, the Western Zhou focus on the use of the combination of nutrition, with a "Yu people", specializing in forest protection, and the age of the tree harvesting and logging season has been stipulated.
The superstructure of the state in the Western Zhou Dynasty was quite complete. Organizations at all levels had a head to lead the work, such as lvshi, lvxu, clan division, xiangdafu, xiangshi and so on. Their regular work was to convey governmental orders to the farmers in their villages and communities and to organize their productive activities.
Section II: The Formation and Development of Traditional Agriculture in the North
During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods, China realized the evolution of its social system from a slave society to a feudal society, and began the transformation of its agricultural production from sloppy agriculture to intensive farming. Since the main agricultural areas in China during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period to the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties period were north of the Qinling and Huaihe Rivers, and more than 70% of the country's population lived in the Yellow River basin, this section focuses on the formation and development of traditional agriculture in the northern region.
I. The Foundation of the Agricultural Tradition of Precision Farming
The most notable special feature of Chinese agriculture is the precision farming, which is built on the system of small farmers' economy and aims to improve the productivity of the soil return. The occurrence of this feature began in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods.
After the Zhou Dynasty moved eastward in 770 B.C.E., the state became weaker and weaker and no longer had the power to control the feudal lords, which led to the emergence of great powers competing for supremacy, while the disintegration of the well-field system and the development of private ownership of land catalyzed the transmutation of slavery into feudalism. During the Warring States period, the "Seven Heroes" were constantly engaged in annexation wars. In order to win the annexation wars, they carried out a series of changes and reforms. Politically, the system of the slave-owning aristocrats being abolished or weakened, the feudal landowning class gradually ascended to the political arena. In the land system, the long-established well-field system gradually disappeared, and the feudal landlord land ownership system developed rapidly. In terms of the servitude system, the "tribute, aid, and chee" of the slave-owning aristocracy was abolished and replaced by the servitude system of taxing according to the acres of land. In terms of the business mode, the system of "a thousand couples working together" was changed to individual business. All of this has greatly mobilized the enthusiasm of farmers to engage in production, and promoted the development of the agricultural economy.
Spring and Autumn and Warring States period in China has entered the Iron Age, the use of iron farming tools has become more common. Matched with the iron plow, oxen and horses were used in agriculture, thus realizing a revolutionary change in agricultural power from human coupling to animal farming. Iron plow and oxen plowing, complement each other, so that the agricultural productivity of this period had a breakthrough development. As Lu Shi Chun Qiu? Shangnong" said, "One man ruled, ten men ate, and all six animals were in it." These advances have created essential material conditions for the final establishment of the feudal system.
The application and popularization of iron also for the construction of large-scale water conservancy projects and well irrigation provides an effective means, some large-scale water conservancy projects emerged. Such as China's earliest and largest reservoir water storage project "Paeoniae Pei", Wei built the Zhangshui Canal, Qin Li Bing presided over the construction of a comprehensive water conservancy hub project Dujiangyan and China's longest artificial irrigation channel in ancient times Zhengguo Canal, etc., for the protection of stable and high yield of agriculture at that time played an important role.
During this period, people had a better understanding of soil and crops. The concept of "five grains" had been formed, and it was noted that agricultural production should be adapted to the local conditions. People realize that "the ground can make the fertilizer, but also can make the thorns", fertilization of crops can increase yields; planting crops to deep plowing, ripe harrow (broken soil), easy hoeing (weed control), in order to get a good harvest. Zhou mu for ridge technology to the Warring States period because of the development of plowing, the formation of "field drains", that is, in the high dry field will be planted in the ridge ditch to prevent drought, in the low-temperature field will be planted in the ridge green crops to prevent waterlogging. As a result of the accumulation of these experiences, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the kind of cultivation and leisure alternating easy field system gradually abandoned, hoeing the implementation of continuous planting, a year a mature, part of the developed regions also tried to replant, two years three mature, thus realizing the hoeing system on the major changes.
This period, the horticultural industry has also had a greater development, week before, although there are vegetables and fruit tree cultivation, but more as a supplement to the existence of agriculture. During the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, agriculture and gardening had been divided. At that time, there were more than 20 kinds of cultivated fruit trees and more than 40 kinds of edible vegetables, of which more than ten kinds were cultivated artificially. Thus, independent horticulture was initially established.
There was also considerable development of animal husbandry in this period. In the western nomadic areas, pastoralism is becoming a scale, the war captured livestock often to ten thousand or even 100,000. In the vast Central Plains, because of the war, plowing and fertilizer and other needs, six animals were commonly raised. The art of animal-phasing to identify the quality of domestic animals by their appearance had reached a fairly high level. The famous horse-reading expert Bo Le and cattle-reading expert Ning Qi were active in this era. In order to ensure the development of animal husbandry, the government also set up special animal husbandry institutions and "cattle people", "sheep people", "school people" and other animal husbandry officials, and also formulated a variety of animal husbandry laws and regulations. Hubei Yunmeng unearthed in the Warring States "Stable Court law" bamboo briefs can be called the world's earliest animal husbandry regulations.
Because of the war and years of deforestation, the original forest has been seriously damaged, forcing the government can not help but pay attention to the conservation of forests and planting trees. At that time, there were "Shan Yu" and "Lin Heng" and other forest officials. Strictly prohibit indiscriminate logging, strictly prevent hill fires, planting trees has been as a long-term plan for the benefit of the country and the people.
Second, the formation of traditional agriculture in the north
Qin and Han Dynasties, China's agriculture in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States began on the road to further development, the fine traditions of intensive cultivation gradually formed.
After the destruction of the six states by Qin, the situation of the feudal lords was ended, and the whole country was united in 221 B.C., establishing the first centralized feudal state in the history of China. The unification of currency and weights and measures throughout the country, the unification of carriages and writing, large-scale immigration to the northwest and the Five Ridges, the construction of dykes and the dredging of rivers, all of which had far-reaching effects on the development of the social economy and the progress of science and technology. The Qin and Han dynasties inherited the agricultural ideology of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and pushed the idea of emphasizing agriculture to a new peak, implementing a series of agricultural policies such as light corvée, reclaiming the land and realizing the borders, constructing water conservancy, rewarding the force of the field, and advising the industry to cultivate agriculture and mulberry, etc., which promoted the development of agricultural production to a greater extent.
Because of Emperor Wu's emphasis on water conservancy, the construction of agricultural water conservancy flourished in the Han Dynasty. Only in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, where the national capital was located, water conservancy projects such as the Six Auxiliary Drains, Longshou Drains and Ling 轵 Drains were built (Figure 9-2). Shanxi drew water from Fen and the Yellow River, Henan Runan and western Anhui drew water from the Huai River, and Shandong drew water from Jiudingze and Wen, among others. After the well canal method was spread to Xinjiang, it gradually developed into a unique underground irrigation channel, the kan'erjing, which solved the problem of canal collapse or sand leakage and evaporation in arid areas. In addition, this period also created the release of silt pressure alkali, later became one of the important means of management of saline and alkaline land.
Because of the rapid development of iron smelting industry and iron smelting process level of improvement, this period of iron agricultural tools greatly increased the variety of quality is also a big improvement, agricultural tools have been completely iron. The invention of the plow wall made the plow in breaking the soil and loosening the soil at the same time increased the function of turning the soil, stubble, pressure grass, ditching, and making a ridge, which made the cultivation more efficient. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, oxen plowing was further popularized. When Zhao Guo, the lieutenant of Su Du, implemented the "Law of Substituting Fields" in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, he used "two oxen and three men" to plow the fields with oxen. The wide application of iron plows and the promotion of oxen plowing were the two major measures for the development of agriculture in the Han Dynasty, which played a positive role in the improvement of the level of precision farming in China. Han Dynasty China also invented the world's earliest sowing machine - columbine. It changed the original sowing for strip sowing, will open the furrow, under the seed and even fertilization and other operations into one, not only greatly improve the labor efficiency, but also sowing uniformity and seed saving. Qimin Yaojutsu called it "saving more than half of the labor, get grain plus five". Sowers were imported to Britain in the 18th century, and were improved by Tarr to become the animal-powered sowing machine that prevailed in Europe at that time.
The Qin and Han Dynasties, in terms of farming technology, further improve the monopoly method, economic and effective use of soil water and fertilizer capacity, and gradually formed a combination of plowing, harrowing, grinding, pressure, hoeing, drought moisture farming technology system, creating a dry farming tradition of less effort and more grain. Due to the popularization of winter wheat, the initial development of crop rotation and replanting system was carried out during the Han Dynasty. In terms of fertilization, a series of fertilization techniques such as base fertilizer, seed fertilizer and follow-up fertilizer were also created. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the twenty-four solar terms and seventy-two weather patterns were fully formed and widely used to guide agricultural production.
This period, the horticultural business also has a greater development, the emergence of a number of sizeable orchards and vegetable gardens, cultivation and management techniques have also improved significantly.
Animal husbandry, phase animal art, breeding of livestock and poultry breeds, livestock hybridization and crossbreeding advantage of the use, as well as livestock and poultry rearing and management have made some progress. In veterinary medicine, pulse science and treatment, castration and de-stressing, herbology have made progress, and the development of a number of epidemic prevention system. Sericulture and sericulture technology continued to develop, China's silk fabrics and sericulture technology through the "Silk Road" to West Asia.
Artificial fish farming and artificial forestation were also further developed during this period, and fishing and forestry gradually became independent production sectors in agriculture.
All in all, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, China's agricultural tradition of intensive cultivation has basically taken shape in terms of management ideas, agronomic theories, and technological systems.
Three, the development of traditional agriculture in the north
The end of the second century A.D., the Yellow Turbans revolt made the Eastern Han Dynasty on the verge of disintegration, all over the army to take advantage of the situation, China has entered the division and merge, the chaos of the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty and the North and South Dynasty period. Frequent wars, political instability, population flight, the abandonment of arable land, so that the social economy has been seriously damaged. But objectively, the great migration of population caused by war also promoted the integration of various regions and ethnic groups and the exchange of agricultural culture. In this historical process, more ethnic groups were gradually involved in the flood of mainly plantation industries. Thanks to the ****together efforts of the working people of all ethnic groups, traditional Chinese agriculture withstood the test of history and developed further on the basis of the achievements of the Qin and Han dynasties.
The land system of the Three Kingdoms, the Two Jin dynasties, and the North and South dynasties remained a continuation of the feudal land ownership system of the Qin and Han dynasties. However, the military needs of the country during this period led to a greater development of the cantonization system, such as the military and civil cantonization during the Cao Wei period and the cantonization of the North and South Dynasties. Regardless of whether it was military or civilian, land ownership belonged to the state. Tuantian was organized according to the military, and the work of tuantian was combined with military activities.
During this period, the water conservancy project was more or less abandoned because of the strongholds. But the Southern Dynasties pay more attention to water conservancy construction, Song, Qi, Liang, Chen successively repaired the peony pei dykes and weirs, irrigating thousands of hectares of fields.
With the development and improvement of iron and steel smelting and processing industry, the Three Kingdoms, the two Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasties period of iron agricultural tools greatly increased the types of performance has improved. The Wei "Qimin Yaojutsu" recorded in more than 20 kinds of agricultural tools, many of which were not recorded in the Han Dynasty. From the excavation of agricultural tools, these agricultural tools are all made through the softening of white iron.
The traditional agricultural theories of this period were further developed. Records such as "the grain field must be changed every year" and "the harvest is thin because there are a lot of weeds" show that people at that time had already realized the necessity of reasonable crop rotation. Reasonable crop rotation is not only conducive to the elimination of weeds and the reduction of pests and diseases, but also helps to increase crop yields. Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasty, the North and South Dynasties period in China has developed from the use of wild green manure crops to conscious planting of green manure crops, and green manure crops into the crop rotation system, the creation of green manure crop rotation system. Qimin yaojutsu (The Essential Art of Qi Min) describes a variety of crops such as cereals, melons, sunflower, onions, and other crops in rotation with green manure crops, and calls it the "Method of the Beautiful Field". In order to obtain more and better seeds, "seed fields" were also created during this period for seed breeding. Single seed single harvest, careful management, to prevent mixing, compared with the Han Dynasty "spike selection method" has made some progress, laid the foundation of China's traditional seed selection and seed breeding. According to the Western Jin Guo Yigong "Guangzhi" records, there are 11 varieties of corn, rice varieties have 13. Qi Min Yao Shu" in the corn varieties to 86, rice varieties for 24.
In terms of plant protection, agricultural control increased the selection and breeding of insect-resistant varieties of crops and crop rotation to prevent disease and other new content. The understanding of parasitic natural enemy insects was further deepened, and the experience of using predatory natural enemy insects such as game meat ants to control citrus pests was summarized, which opened a new chapter of biological control of "pest control".
In horticulture, the northern Yellow River Basin cultivated fruit tree species and the Han Dynasty compared with the change is not great, but the southern cultivated fruit trees have increased significantly, such as pomelo, loquat, frequency Brahmi (also known as phoenix-eye fruit), shaozi (also known as hairy lychee), jujube, ancient trees, oak, and so on, and appeared in a number of large-scale orchards. Cultivated vegetable species also increased from more than 20 kinds of the Eastern Han Dynasty to more than 30 kinds. Vegetable cultivation technology has developed to stay "the mother of the child melon 'for the seed, garlic "strip in the child" and promote the early germination of lotus seeds and other methods. The technology of cellar storage of fresh vegetables is further improved than the Han Dynasty.
In animal husbandry and veterinary medicine, due to conquest, stagecoach and agricultural and sideline production of the demand is strong, prompting the development of horse breeding industry; livestock hybridization produced mules; phase horse art has been a complete set of standards, the phase of the cattle, the phase of the pig has accumulated a richer experience; livestock castration and veterinary medicine and surgery have made some progress, in particular the Northern Wei period of the pig castration method of the improvement of the rate of meat significantly improved.
This period of China's silk production in agriculture still accounted for a large proportion. Dunhuang for silk commercial trading place, the southern silk industry to develop more rapidly. At this time people recognized the phenomenon of female reproduction; learned to use low temperature control of silkworm eggs; invented the salted kill pupa cocoon storage method.
China recognized the use of bees very early, more than 3,000 years ago has begun to eat honey. Artificial breeding of bees was first documented in the Western Jin Dynasty. Zhang Hua's "Museum Journal" recorded the source of artificial beekeeping bee species and the time and method of collecting honey.
The fishery production in the period of the two Jin Dynasty and the Northern and Southern Dynasties was still mainly based on fishing, but artificial fish farming had been tried. The burials of the Northern and Southern Dynasties unearthed pottery surges for fish farming. The Qimin Yaojiao (Essentials of the Qi People) also describes the experience of raising fish for wealth, including the habits of fish, the size of fish ponds, the amount of stocking, the ratio of male and female fish, and the depth of the ponds' water storage.
Section III: The Formation and Development of Traditional Agriculture in the South
China's economic center of gravity has always been in the Yellow River Valley. The vast area south of the Yangtze River in the 3rd century A.D. is still sparsely populated, culturally backward, agricultural production is still basically "hydroponic hoeing" rough operation. Although by the Han, Jin, the Southern Dynasties continued to develop, the economy has gradually become a scale, but compared with the north of the same time, is still inferior to many. This situation until the Sui and Tang dynasties began to change.
I, the rise of traditional agriculture in the south
The early Tang Dynasty, the social economy had a period of unprecedented prosperity. However, after the middle of the Tang Dynasty, land annexation was prevalent, the equalization of land collapsed, and social conflicts became more and more prominent. The Anshi Rebellion, which lasted seven years, caused serious damage to social production in the north. The south was not directly affected by the war, social production was relatively stable; and a large number of people from the north went south, bringing high-quality labor force and advanced agricultural technology in the Central Plains, making the rapid development of agriculture in the south, and the center of gravity of China's economy gradually shifted to the south.
Before the Western Han Dynasty, most of China's irrigation projects were in the north, and after the Eastern Han Dynasty, they began to advance to the south. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the north was stuck in a state of destruction and stagnation, while the south was further developed. Before the Middle Tang Dynasty, the southern irrigation project only 23, flood control and drainage project 3, transportation project 3. After the Tang Dynasty, irrigation projects increased to 938, flood control and drainage projects 7, transportation projects 8. Water conservancy construction has greatly promoted the development of agriculture in Jiangnan, Jiangnan increasingly prosperous, there is a "power out of the world, Jiangnan in 19" situation.
In terms of agricultural tools, the invention of curved plow and tube car, marking the southern paddy field farming technology has entered a new stage of development. Qu yuanyuan plow, also known as Jiangdong plow, it increased the plow evaluation, can adjust the depth, the plow wall and plowshare surface is not continuous, can play the role of crushing and turning the soil. Since then, the Chinese plow has been basically stereotyped. The emergence of the curved plow and the popularization of the middle and high school harrows promoted the development of farming technology. After a long period of practice, a system of paddy field cultivation techniques was gradually formed, combining plowing, harrowing, land and soil preparation, and weeding and weeding. During this period, with the development of winter cropping in paddy fields, the biannual maturing system was initially developed in the south.
In horticulture, China introduced many varieties of fruit trees and vegetables from abroad during this period; the theory and technology of grafting had a new development; the freshness storage technology of wax sealing of fruit tips was created; artificial cultivation of edible fungi was started; and the tea production and tea cultivation technology had a worldwide influence.
In the aspect of animal husbandry, the art of animal husbandry was further developed; the system of horse register and horse seal was created; and foreign excellent livestock breeds such as Dawan horse, Kangju horse and Persian horse were introduced. In veterinary medicine, the creation of the world's first veterinary education institutions, only in the Taishu Temple has more than 600 full-time veterinarians. Anatomy, acupuncture, the doctrine of internal organs and veterinary surgery have made progress.
Sui and Tang dynasties, China's sericulture industry is quite developed, the production center also moved from the Yellow River basin to the south.
Second, the development of traditional agriculture in the south
Song and Yuan dynasties, the center of gravity of the national economy further south. The Southeast Taihu Lake area has become the economic lifeline of the country, and the level of agricultural production far exceeded that of the north. In the late Tang Dynasty, the highest annual amount of southern grain to the north was but 3 million stones, while in the Northern Song Dynasty, it exceeded 7 million stones.
Southern farmland and water conservancy construction continued to develop. The peak population of the Song Dynasty when the country's population of about 100 million. Due to the lack of arable land, the phenomenon of competing with mountains for land and water for fields, leading to the rapid development of terraces and polder fields. Wuhu Wanchun polder field of 400,000 acres, Jiangdong Luoguan polder 800,000 acres.
The development of agricultural tools in the Song and Yuan dynasties is unprecedented in history. This is mainly manifested in the emergence of a large number of new agricultural tools and agricultural tools have a variety of characteristics. It can be said that the traditional agricultural tools by this time has been basically complete and tend to stereotypes.
Song and Yuan dynasties, the rapid development of multi-maturing system, double-season rice planting area to expand, and some areas of three-season rice. The structure of production within agriculture also had a new change, the main crops planted to expand the range. Wheat in the south has grown, there is no less "Huaibei" trend, become the main winter crop of rice paddies. Because of the increased demand for soybeans, soybean planting is becoming more common, so that Wang Zhen "book of agriculture" called "the valley of the world". The development of cotton is outstanding. Northern Song Dynasty in cotton cultivation is limited to the two Guangzhou and Fujian and Yunnan regions, African cotton is also cultivated in Xinjiang and Shaanxi. But the end of the Song and early Yuan, cotton has been expanded to the Jianghuai Valley. Cotton planting than the sericulture, "no picking up the labor, there must be the effect of income"; than the hemp, "free performance of the work of the seizure, the benefits of the cold", doubly popular, the planting range is constantly expanding.
This period of soil fertilizer theory and technology has also made some breakthroughs, the creation of the "ground always new" theory. Fertilizer sources to further expand, fertilizer accumulation system methods continue to improve, fertilization technology has improved significantly.
Horticulture, the original mainly planted in Lingnan orange, tangerine, banana, lychee, longan, etc., in the Song and Yuan, respectively, to the Fujian, Zhejiang, Gan, Sichuan, Su and other places to push, expanding the planting area.
Livestock husbandry in the northern Han areas of the Song Dynasty is far less than the Han and Tang dynasties, but the Yuan Dynasty has some development. Southern animal husbandry more cattle, sheep, pigs, chickens, and the most pigs and chickens. During this period, the excellent breed "lake sheep" cultivation success, freshwater fish farming also has a rapid development.
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