Cartoon is the Chinese transliteration of English "cartoon". There are two different views on the etymology of this word: one is that it comes from the French word "Carton"; The second is that it comes from the Italian word "cartone". DUKE RABBIT, the fashion brand of China's first cartoon, from the etymology of cartoon, we can know exactly that cartoon originated in Europe as an art form. In modern Europe, there are two important historical conditions that promote the emergence of cartoons: first, the development of capitalism has strengthened the power of the civil class and led to major changes in the social structure. Secondly, since the Renaissance, the artistic concept of freedom and openness has been accepted by the society. The interaction of these two conditions made the traditional painting step down from the altar of the Middle Ages, and approached the aesthetic trend of the common people day by day, which provided the social foundation for the cartoon painting with simplicity and complexity. At the same time, as a means for citizens to express their demands, cartoon painting has also been given a wider political connotation. In Holland in the 17th century, the sketch axis with cartoon exaggeration appeared for the first time in the painter's works. The satirical cartoonist, represented by French Honoré Daumier (1808- 1879), has developed political cartoons to an artistic level. Today, political cartoons are still an important part of western popular culture. Britain has played a very important role in the history of cartoon art. As we all know, Britain is the first country to establish modern parliamentary democracy, and it is also one of the first countries to enter the industrial revolution. The establishment of democratic politics has guaranteed people's freedom of speech and publication and provided a social foundation for the development of cartoon art; The rise of industrial revolution has triggered the prosperity of newspaper publishing industry and provided material guarantee for the development of cartoon art. As early as the end of17th century, there have been many humorous illustrations similar to cartoons in British newspapers, but they are not really cartoons because of the lack of full-time painters and fixed artistic style. With the prosperity of the press and publishing industry, at the beginning of the18th century, full-time cartoonists appeared, and the style of British cartoons gradually took shape. Compared with the humorous caricatures in continental Europe at the same time, British cartoons are more based on social customs and are good at humor and implication. During this period, the more influential cartoon painters in Belgium included William Hogarth (1697- 1764), James Gillray (1757- 18 16) and Thomas Rolandson (/kloc). Among them, Hogarth's representative works include The Return of the Prodigal Son and The Roaming of Harold, while Rolandson mainly wrote The Life Travel of Dr. Sintax. It is worth mentioning that the works of Hogarth and others are no longer traditional single paintings, but have developed into a series of interrelated paintings, with the embryonic form of comic books. 184 1 year, the famous Punch pictorial was founded in London. This famous humorous periodical occupies a prominent position in the history of cartoon development. In fact, it was the contributor, famous painter John Ritchie and editor Mark Lumen of this publication who officially named humorous caricatures "cartoons" for the first time. At the same time, this publication is also an important bridge for the transition from traditional cartoon to comic book. In the early "Clumsy" pictorial, many works similar to the concept of comic books have been serialized. The Adventures of Mr. Brick, drawn by John Ritchie, has many elements of comic books. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the appearance of color printing triggered a revolution in the publishing industry. Accordingly, color cartoons began to appear in people's field of vision. 190 1 year, a famous publisher, Hams Worth, founded a joint publishing company (AP for short) on the basis of acquiring several magazines, and successively published Elf, Blister, Smile, Rainbow, Tiger Tim Weekly and Jungle Carnival. Henderson, another publisher, also published Fun Endless (1906), Comic World (1909), Wise Words (19 10) and Spark (/kloc-0). Others, such as "Fireworks" published by "leps and Holmes" and "Grand Collection" published by Pearson, have been involved in the publication and distribution of color cartoons to varying degrees. During this period, an important change in British comic periodicals was that the readers of the periodicals gradually shifted from adults to children and teenagers. AP Company is the biggest beneficiary of this trend. They successfully launched the cartoon image of "Tiger Tim", making it a favorite cartoon star for children. Its sister work "Bear Doll" has also achieved good sales performance. In addition, Fox Weir, one of the authors of Tiger Tim, has also created comic books for girls such as Little Tiger Gilly and Miss Hippo. Compared with political cartoons and cartoons, the development of cartoons seems to be more legendary. As mentioned above, animation art is an important part of modern film and television art. However, in the "prehistoric stage" of animation and film, the two are one. It was not until the invention of photography that film and animation began to go their separate ways. 1895, the Lumiere brothers in France first showed their "movie machine" to the public, and showed films such as Train Entering the Station and Seawater Garden. Modern film was born. However, the first animated film was released ten years later. Part of the reason is the high production cost of cartoons. Today, animation is still a cultural product that needs high investment. 1906, J. Stuart Blackton, who works in Edison's laboratory, produced The Humorous phases of Funny Faces, which is also the first animated film in the world. Since then, Emile Cohl, from France, has further developed his cartoon shooting skills, and has produced more than 250 animated short films. At the same time, he was also the first pioneer to combine animation with real-life performance by using the method of screen photography. It is precisely because of Cole's outstanding contribution to the development of animation that he is also regarded as the father of contemporary animation. Another American who had an important influence on the development of early animation was Winsor McCay. He was born in Michigan, USA. In his early years, he made a living by painting posters for circuses and popular theatrical troupes. Later, he became a newspaper reporter and comic columnist. 19 14, MacKay released a story cartoon Gertie the Dinosaur. The introduction of this cartoon has changed the pure artistic tendency in animation works before, and organized stories, characters and live-action performances into interactive plots, which has achieved quite good results. Gertie, a naive dinosaur, has become a famous cartoon star. After Gertie the Dinosaur, MacKay made The Sinking of Rustania. This is the first documentary produced by animation. Winsor McCay's success is symbolic. Based on his accomplishment and accumulation as a cartoonist, he created a new animation creation mode that attaches importance to the shaping of characters, story structure and popular interest. After MacKay, American animators began to take a completely different path from their European counterparts. A cartoon era belonging to the New World is coming.

[Edit this paragraph] Cartoon Empire

In the first half of the 20th century, the development level of American cartoon art was in the leading position in the world. There is no doubt that this lead is all-round. As early as 1840, DC Johnston Company in Boston published a one-page pictorial called Crispa, which may be the earliest cartoon work in the United States. Since then, with the continuous influx of European immigrants, the cartoon art that was originally popular in Europe has also begun to land in the United States. 1880, American newspaper tycoon Pulitzer added a special Sunday issue to his new york World newspaper and added a cartoon column to it. Shortly thereafter, another newspaper giant, Hearst, began to publish cartoons regularly in his own publications such as new york Magazine and American Humor Master. This means that the role of cartoons in increasing the circulation of newspapers and periodicals has been widely recognized. The strong intervention of the above two major newspaper departments undoubtedly injected an injection of growth promoter into American cartoons, and since then, the development of American cartoons has entered the fast lane. 1895, a series of cartoons "yellow children" created by the famous cartoonist R.F.Outcault began to be published in New York World founded by Pulitzer. But not long after, Outcault took "yellow children" with him and moved to New York Journal owned by Hearst. The original title of the yellow children series is "Hogan's Alley", and the protagonist of the story is a child named "Mickey Dugan" who is six or seven years old and has a big head in dirty pajamas. Actually, this pajamas was blue at the beginning. By 1896, due to the application of a new technology, people can easily dye paper yellow, and Dugan changed into yellow clothes. Later, Outcault added the dialogue of the protagonist in the cartoon to make it easier for everyone to understand the theme of the story. This also makes yellow children a veritable comic book. Because the image of "yellow children" has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, savvy businessmen have developed a large number of peripheral products about "yellow children" based on this image, including toys, statues, advertising posters and so on. Although "yellow children" has experienced many twists and turns, in the seventh year after its first appearance, that is, 1902, the series of "yellow children" was finally published. It should be pointed out that the success of yellow children not only promoted the development of American cartoons, but also provided a classic paradigm for the commercial operation of comic works. Throughout the early 20th century, cartoons were always looking for the intersection with American culture. In this process, many excellent works and unforgettable cartoon images have been produced. However, it was not until the early 1930s that the golden age of American cartoons really came. For the "golden age", there is such an incisive description: the golden age of American comics is the era when superheroes are rampant in cheap illustrated newspapers. As we all know, many superhero images, such as SUPER MAN, BATMAN, FLASH, AQUA MAN and so on, were produced in this period. The common feature of these superheroes is that they have bodybuilders' bodies and superpowers that ordinary people can't have, constantly defeating evil and powerful enemies and saving the world. Among them, Superman and Batman are probably the most representative and influential ones. The protagonist of Superman is Clark, an alien with super powers from Krypton. When he was a baby, he came to earth from Krypton in a spaceship and was adopted by the kind Kents. When he grew up, he began to find that he had super powers that the earth people didn't have. In order to hide his identity, Clark came to the metropolis from a remote town and worked as an editor in the Daily Planet, thus getting to know Louise, a beautiful young female reporter. Since then, whenever the security and order of the city are threatened by evil forces, there will always be a flying hero in a cloak and tights who will show up in time to save those who are in crisis. However, in most cases, Superman's main task is to save the United States by heroes. Superman series was first published in the first issue of ACTION COMICS, and quickly became popular in the United States. 1939 1 month 16, Superman began to be serialized in newspapers. By 194 1 year, more than 300 newspapers had serialized Superman comics every day. Cartoons, movies and TV series with the theme of "Superman" emerged in an endless stream in the next half century. It is no exaggeration to say that "Superman" has become a symbol of an era. Almost at the same time of Superman's success, Batman, another superhero in the "golden age", also came into people's sight. Batman, formerly known as Quinbussy, came from a prominent rich family. When he was very young, his parents were killed by gangsters, so he became an orphan and was raised by a housekeeper. When he grew up, he vowed to fight for the eradication of evil. As a result, he became a masked hero in a bat costume. It is his most important mission to eliminate violence and punish those who escape the law. The story of Batman first appeared in the 27th issue of DETECTIVE COMICS. Compared with Superman, Batman is an ordinary man without super powers, which is his charm. Batman's main tool for fighting evil is all kinds of technological inventions, the most famous of which is the universal batmobile. Among many superheroes in the golden age, WONDER WOMAN can be said to be an "alternative". This is not only because it broke the monopoly of men on superhero images, but more importantly, her appearance completely reconstructed the gender order in the cartoon world, making female characters no longer just vassals of male heroes, but really become the protagonists who dominate the story. Therefore, when the "wonder woman" series was published in ALL STAR COMICS at the end of 194 1, it was warmly welcomed by many female readers. The appearance of comic hero is no accident. In fact, it is the inevitable result of the collision between comic art and American culture. The core of American culture is the so-called individualism. This is a culture that advocates personal struggle and emphasizes giving priority to protecting personal interests. Against this cultural background, especially when the Great Depression and World War II in the 1930s brought severe impacts on American society, people appreciated and longed for "savior" superheroes, and regarded them as symbols of hope and strength. Because there are no such figures in the real world, people turn to the fictional world for spiritual sustenance. During the Second World War, the social economy of the United States was not dragged down by the war, but gained unprecedented development and growth. Patriotism inspired by the war became the mainstream of American culture at that time. As a result, the superheroes in comics have also devoted themselves to defending the country and fighting against the Nazis. The "golden age" has also reached its peak. With the increasing influence of cartoons in American society, the development of American cartoons has gradually diversified, and new themes such as educational cartoons, science cartoons and western cartoons have emerged. At the same time, commercial speculation, who blindly pursues the maximization of profits, makes the violence, pornography and other negative factors in American comics surge, and some comic publications even impressively mark "Not for children". As a result, the cartoon industry became the focus of public criticism and eventually led to the decline of the "golden age". /kloc-in the spring of 0/945, Dr. Frederic weismann's book Seduce Innocence was published. Dr. weismann was an influential intellectual in the society at that time, and also a well-known figure in politics. He has always believed that "cartoons full of violence and dark content are the root cause of juvenile delinquency and social chaos". Although after-the-fact investigation shows that most of Dr. weismann's arguments are unfounded, the publication of this book catered to the widespread criticism of the comic industry by mainstream public opinion at that time, so it was immediately supported and affirmed by all walks of life. For a time, comics have become super banned books, and people often talk about comics in the tone of talking about drugs. 1954 In April, the investigation committee of juvenile delinquency of the United States Senate held a public hearing on the influence of cartoons on teenagers, and Dr. weismann attended as a witness. He claimed: Comics are the chief culprit that defiles children's innocence and causes juvenile delinquency. Compared with comics, Hitler is just a pediatrician. "Children are often poisoned by comics from the age of four." He even asked for an immediate ban on the sale of comics. Although the hearing failed to reach a clear conclusion, the Senate finally demanded that a censorship standard be issued to eliminate all the contents in cartoons that may poison teenagers and corrupt morality. This is actually the death penalty in the "golden age" in public opinion. Shortly after the Senate hearing, comic book publishers established the National Comic Magazine Federation on 1954126 October, and formulated the "Internal Inspection Standard of the Federation", and also required that the restrictions be clearly indicated on the cover of comics published thereafter. This is undoubtedly an event that has a far-reaching impact on the American comic industry. Because of this somewhat overcorrected standard, the best-selling horror and gangster cartoons have almost disappeared; The cowboys in the western comics also had to converge greatly, and the scenes of hand-to-hand combat and gun battle were obviously reduced; Even the "violent" behavior in funny animal cartoons has become timid. Many publishing houses and comic books went bankrupt because of the sharp decline in circulation, and most professional cartoonists had to change careers under the pressure of livelihood. Of course, teenage comic writers such as joe simon, the author of Captain America, were once popular because of the absence of superheroes. However, on the whole, the American comic book industry was greatly damaged by this. Although it recovered in the future, it failed to revive its former glory. Compared with the tortuous development of American cartoon industry, the American animation industry has always maintained a strong development momentum at the same time. To review this period of history, we can't help but mention Walt Disney and his Disney Company. In fact, before Walt Disney, the United States had many outstanding animators, but as a latecomer, Walter was the one who really promoted the American animation industry to leap forward. Therefore, we have sufficient reason to think that "Walt Disney is the first master in the history of animation". 1923, Walt Disney, only 22 years old, bid farewell to his hometown of Kansas and set off for Hollywood to seek development. At that time, Hollywood was a hot spot for entrepreneurship, and at this time, the film was still in the silent stage, and the cartoon was just a fun program before the film started. There, he started from scratch and registered and established "Disney Brothers Animation Production Company" with only $3,200. In the year when Walter came to Hollywood, he finished his first animated work-Alice in Cartoon Country, a silent cartoon co-performed by real people and animated characters. In the early years of Hollywood, Disney and his company gradually gained a foothold, but in 1927, Walter suffered the first heavy blow in his career. This year, the first popular cartoon character he created, "Lucky Rabbit Oswald the Lucky Rabbit", was taken away by the publishing company by deception, and the company was almost desperate. Angry and helpless, Disney embarked on a train back to his hometown of Kansas. However, it was on this trip home that a lively and lovely little mouse appeared in Walter's mind. Later, Walter's wife gave this brand-new cartoon image a resounding name "Mickey Mouse"! This is Mickey Mouse, a cartoon star who will be famous all over the world and loved by children in all countries in the future. The appearance of Mickey Mouse certainly provided Disney with a huge intangible asset. However, in order to make Mickey and his partners become popular superstars, Disney must also have a novel production concept. The core of the new concept is to attach importance to the design of the plot and continuous innovation. Before Disney, cartoons, as a cushion program before the screening of ordinary movies, often only paid attention to visual effects and paid little attention to the arrangement of story lines. Disney's Mickey Mouse series, on the other hand, made careful arrangements for the plot of the works at the early stage of production, which made the short film of seven or eight minutes very attractive. Coupled with the well-made pictures, Disney's cartoons dumped almost all competitors at once. In addition to advanced creative ideas, sensitivity to innovation is another trump card of Disney. In the middle and late 1920s, movies bid farewell to the silent film era, and the appearance of audio movies triggered the revolution of the whole film industry. Walter was keenly aware of the coming of change and began to try to make audio cartoons. 1928 1 1 month 18, as the first audio animated film in the history of movies, Steamboat Willie made its grand premiere in the colonial theater in new york, and it was a success. In 1932, Disney released the first color cartoon Flowers and Tree. In addition to the expected sensation, it also won an Oscar for animated short films for Disney. Five years later, in 1937, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Disney's first fully animated cartoon drama, was released. This is an epoch-making cartoon with milestone significance. And because of the great commercial success of this work, Disney's production plan began to tilt towards feature films. Then, in 1940, Disney Company successively released two animated feature films, Pinocchio and Fantasia. Among them, "Fantasia" is regarded as a classic of modern animation, and it has been widely praised since its launch. With the continuous release of new works, Disney's cartoon star lineup is also expanding. Besides Mickey Mouse, new images such as Minnie, Pluto, Gao Fei and Donald Duck have also appeared in Disney's cartoons. With the emergence of outstanding works and cartoon stars, Disney finally established its dominance in the cartoon empire in the early 1940s. For the entire American animation industry, Disney's success has a great demonstration and promotion. Due to the expansion of the animation market, many new animation companies have been established like mushrooms after rain. At this time, Hollywood has become the center of the animation industry in the United States and even the world. Van Beuren Studio is one of these new animation companies, and a group of outstanding young animators have also gathered under his banner. In the late 1930s, this company launched a famous series of cartoons, Tom and Jerry, and it was a success. Another influential animation production organization is the animation department founded by Warner Studios in 1934. Its main works include a series of cartoons such as Porky and Beans, Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny. Like Mickey Mouse in Disney, they are well-known cartoon stars. However, in the brilliant success of Disney, the crisis is also quietly gestating. At the beginning of its establishment, Disney Company took art and creation as its creed and recruited a large number of first-class animation talents. However, with the continuous development of the company, Disney's artistic style has gradually become fixed, and catering to the needs of the audience and the market has become the basis and premise of program production. More importantly, Disney employees feel more and more that the company's prosperity has not brought them the expected income growth, and dissatisfaction has begun to spread within Disney. In the early 1940s, animators under the Disney Company began to prepare for the establishment of trade unions, hoping to confront the company's top management and strive for higher pay. However, the high-level attitude seems to be tougher than expected, which also triggered a protracted "war of words." In the end, the business backbones of many companies left in anger and formed "United Productions of America" (UPA) in partnership. Despite many twists and turns, Walt Disney and his company are still irrefutable successes of that era. Today's Disney has become a worldwide "entertainment kingdom", which also proves from another angle that Walter's ideal and success are beyond the times. In a word, during this period, both the cartoon industry and the animation industry in the United States have made great progress. It is worth noting that in this development process, around cartoon products, the entertainment industry in the United States has formed a complete commercial operation system and realized a virtuous circle of cartoon development. It is on this basis that "American Cartoon" can achieve its global expansion and become a cultural force to be reckoned with.

[Edit this paragraph] Cartoon New Wave

Before and after World War II, although European and American cartoon products still occupied the mainstream of the world cartoon market, due to the changes in economy, society and popular culture, the development of cartoon art on a global scale also showed an unprecedented all-round and diversified development trend. There is no denying that a new wave of cartoon industry is emerging and will sweep the world. While American cartoons are on the road to commercialization, it seems that European cartoonists and animators are still sticking to their inherent artistic ideas. But even so, there are no shortage of classic European cartoons in this period. In Germany, a cartoonist E.O.Plauen with world influence appeared during this period. Braun, whose original name was Erisi Auxerre, was born in a remote town in Saxony. Later, due to job changes, Erisi's father and his family moved to Braun, the capital of the Fortgrant Mountains. Erisi used Braun as his pen name because of his nostalgia for the city. From 192 1 year to 1933, Erisi published a large number of cartoon paintings as a painter, and also drew illustrations for many works of his close friend and writer Erisi kastner. However, with the Nazi Party coming to power, the social and political climate in Germany quickly turned right. Dissatisfied with the Nazi Party's perversion, Erisi created some cartoons with the Nazi Party as the satirical object, which attracted the jealousy of Nazi leader Yue Se Goebbels and others. Erisi's cartoons were once banned. Later, because Berlin Pictorial needed a painter who could draw serial cartoons, Dr. Kurt Kusenberg, a famous writer, publisher and editor in charge of this matter, found Erisi Auxerre, hoping that he could undertake the work. Finally, due to the active intervention of Berlin Pictorial, the Nazi authorities lifted the ban on Erisi, but attached a series of harsh censorship conditions, and absolutely prohibited any political content in his works. Nevertheless, Erisi completed more than 200 sets of works from 1934 to 1937, which is the famous series of cartoons "Father and Son". In the years when fascism was rampant, this set of cartoons was like an oasis of human nature and became the best spiritual comfort for the German people in the face of cruel real life, thus winning the love of many people. Father and Son is regarded as a symbol of German humor, and its popularity soon crossed the national border. 1929, Belgian cartoonist Herge began to create the series "The Adventures of Tintin". From then until Herge's death in March 1983, The Adventures of Tintin has completed more than twenty volumes. 1986, as the last work "Tintin and Alpha Art" that Herge failed to complete before his death, the Tintin series ended. Critics generally believe that the success of Tintin series should be attributed to the author's full attention to the organic combination of the main line of the story and the real background, so Herge is also known as a "comic journalist". In any case, due to the combination of documentary style and humorous creative elements, Tintin series has become one of the most outstanding works in the history of comics, and Herge has therefore entered the ranks of comic masters. While American animators are enjoying the "golden age", European animators are still clinging to the road of experiment and artistry. This can be seen from their application of synchronous sound technology. In the United States, the voice of characters is mainly used to show the characteristics and personality of characters; In Europe, however, sound effects are used as "materials" for experiments. In fact, European animators have almost brought the cooperation between pictures and sound effects in cartoons to the extreme. These beneficial attempts and explorations have greatly enriched the expression techniques of cartoons and promoted the development and progress of animation art. However, animation is a cultural product that needs high investment after all, and it is difficult to make a masterpiece without the support of a complete industrial chain. With the large-scale entry of American cartoons, the experimental animation in Europe has gradually declined. Perhaps no one would have thought that the outbreak of World War II gave the European animation industry a chance to "revive". Due to the influence of the great war, the world cartoon market, which was originally connected as a whole, was divided into several blocks, which objectively stimulated the independent development of cartoon industry in various countries. At the same time, because many countries' governments regard animation as an important means of war mobilization and propaganda, the situation of government investment to support the development of their own animation industry began to appear. In wartime Britain, the newly established "Halas and Bachelet" animation company was commissioned by the British authorities, and produced more than 70 animated publicity videos to support the war. These short films were shown in cinemas and theaters all over Britain, which played a positive role in inspiring the fighting spirit of the British people. Similar "war animation" has also appeared in countries such as the United States and Japan. After the war, although it is no longer necessary to use animation as a means of war mobilization, it is still an important propaganda medium, so it has been widely valued by the government and non-governmental organizations. As a medium, cartoons are used in public relations, corporate advertising, cultural education, and even political campaigns. This makes the animation industry in Europe find a new fulcrum. Compared with western European countries, the animation industry in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union is a little backward, but it has its own style and system. Alexander Baskin and sisters Brampag are outstanding representatives of the animation industry in the former Soviet Union. Among them, the sisters Brampag finished "Chinese on Fire" in 1925, which is even more well known to the audience in China. Although some western critics think that Russian cartoons are too rigid, on the whole, animators in the former Soviet Union have excavated a lot of excellent materials from their rich cultural heritage and shot many excellent animation works. Let's go back to America. The diversified styles that appeared at the end of the "Golden Age" were inherited by a new generation of American cartoonists, resulting in many excellent comic works. 195010.2, the famous American cartoonist Charles Schulz began to publish his series of PEANUTS. In the following 50 years, the peanut series has achieved unprecedented success, which has been translated into 2 1 language and published in more than 2,600 newspapers in 75 countries. Snoopy, the protagonist of the cartoon, has become a super comic star who claims to have "350 million loyal readers around the world".